AP European History Chapter 12 Questions and Answers Rated A+

AP European History Chapter 12 Questions and Answers Rated A+ Renaissance characteristics Urban society, focused on individual (individualism), rebirth of classical culture (humanism) and secularism First Estate Anyone w/religious occupation Second Estate Nobles Third Estate Everyone else (i.e. peasants, merchants, artisans, etc.) Commercial revolution Sudden economic boom in 14th century, sparked by the Crusades Hanseatic League Commercial and military league of Northern Europe, monopoly on timber, fish, grain, metals, etc. Florence Prosperous city-state in Italy during Renaissance, part of 5 major city-states Baldassare Castiglione Wrote "Courtier", book on expectation of nobles. Three main expectations;1—native endowments (grace, talent, etc.) 2—classical education and military exercise; 3—standard of conduct Slavery in the Renaissance Arose after plague, which caused decrease in labor. Slaves were used as skilled labor, concubines, etc. Declined at the end of 15th century, when it was feared that slaves were "dangerous" Marriage Usually arranged, used as political/business moves rather than out of love 5 Major City-States Milan, Venice, Florence, Naples, and Papacy States Great Schism Conflict in the Church when three different men declared themselves the pope and excommunicated each other Medici Powerful family of Florence, controlled government and had a successful banking house Duke of Urbino A condotierri and patron of the Renaissance culture Isabella d'Este Political figure, intelligent, also patron of Renaissance, ruled Mantua while her husband, Francesco Gonzaga, was away Peace of Lodi Peace agreement between Milan, Naples, and Florence. Put an end to struggles between expansive Milan and Florence. Habsburg/Valois Wars Wars between Habsburg Family of Spain and Valois Family of France over Italy. Habsburg won, took over Italy Niccolo Machiavelli Wrote "Prince", about how rulers and princes should conduct themselves. Introduced idea that religion and politics should be separated Humanism Believed in classical education, influenced by Greco-Roman culture Petrarch "Father of Humanism" who characterized MA as "dark ages" and emphasized importance of classical Latin Leonardo Bruni Humanist who wrote a biography on Cicero and inspired civic humanism Lorenzo Valla Wrote "The Elegances of the Latin Language", tried to purify medieval Latin Neoplatonism Philosophy based on the teachings of Plato Hermeticism Belief that humans were created w/divine power and chose to enter material world. Thought humans could regain divinity through purification of the soul Education in the Renaissance Based on liberal studies such as history, philosophy, math, music, Greek & Latin, PE, and religion. Tried to create "Renaissance Man" Pico della Mirandola Wrote "Oration on the Dignity of Man", a summation of all learning. Was interested in Hermetic philosophy. Impact of the Printing Press Had major impact on intellectual life/thought, encouraged scholarly research and desire to attain knowledge, as well as a lay readership Gutenberg Bible First book produced from movable type printer Italian Renaissance Art Characteristics Imitation of nature was the #1 goal, reflected individualism and humanism, had mastery of perspective and Greco-Roman influence Northern Renaissance Art Characteristics Viewed human form as a vehicle of expression, were masters of detail Artists and social status Artists began to gain social and economic status, viewed as divine Characteristics of New Monarchs Usually men obsessed with political power, were able to create centralized monarchy and established control Charles VII (France) King who had power to levy taille (property tax) without approval from Estates-General Louis XI French King who encouraged growth of commerce by introducing new industries such as silk Taille French property tax Pragmatic