AP Euro key terms 100% pass

AP Euro key terms 100% pass Humanism the scholarly interest in the study of classical texts, values and styles of Greece and Rome. Humanism contributed to the promotion of a liberal arts education based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history Christian Humanism Northern European Reniassance. A branch of humanism. Like thier italian counterparts the christian humanists closely studied classical texts however they also sought to give it a specifically christian content. Christian humanists like Erasmus were committed to religious piety and institutional reform Vernacular the everday language of a region or country. Miguel de Cervantes, Geoffrey Chaucer, Dante, and Martin Luther all encouraged the development of their national languages by writing in the vernacular. Erasmus however, continued to write in Latin New Monarchs European monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. The new monarchs also negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church. Key new monarchs include Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII and Ferdinand/Isabella Taille direct tax on french peasantry. Key sources of income for french monarchs until the french revolution Reconquista centuries long "reconquest" of spain from the muslims. The reconquista culminated in 1492 with the conquest of the last muslim stronghold, granada. indulgence a certificate granted by the pope in return for payment. the certificate stated that the soul of the dead relative or friend of the purchaser would have his time in purgatory reduced by many years or cancelled Anabaptist protestants who insisited that only adult baptism conformed to scripture. protestant and catholic leaders condemned anabaptists for advocating the complete separation of church and state predestination doctrine espoused by John Calvin that God has known since the beinning of time who will be saved and who will be damned. Calvin declared that "by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once and for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction" huguenots French protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin (French Calvinists) Politiques Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs. For example both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England put theological controversies second in order to achieve political unity Columbian Exchange the interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and human populations between the Old World and the New World Mercantilism Economic philosophy calling for close government regulation of the economy. Mercantilist theory emphasized building a strong, self sufficient economy by max exports and min imports. mercantilists supported the acquistion of colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods. This favorable balance of trade would enable a country to accumulate reserves of gold and silver Putting out system A preindustrial manufacturing system in which an entrepreneur would bring materials to rural people who worked on them in their own homes. For example, watch manufacturers in Swiss towns emplyed villagers to make parts for their products. The system enabled entrepreneurs to avoid restrictive guild (union-like) regulations. Joint Stock Company A business arrangement in which many investors raise money for a venture too large for any of them to undertake alone. They share the profits in proportion to the amount they invest. English entrepreneurs used joint stock companies to finance the establishment of New World colonies. Absolutism a system of gov in which the ruler claims sole and uncontestable power. Absolute monarchs were not limited by constitutional restraints. Divine Right of Kings The idea that rulers recieve their authority from God and are answerable only to God. Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, a french bishop and court preacher to Louis XIV, provided the theological justification for the divine right of kings by declaring that "the state of monarchy is the supremest thing on earth, for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the scriptures kings are called Gods, and their power is compared to the divine powers." Intendants French royal officials who supervised provincial governments in the name of the king. Intendants played a key role in establishing French absolutism. Fronde A series of rebllions against royal authority in France between 1649and 1652. The fronde played a key role in Louis XIV's decision to leave Paris and build Versailles palace Robot System of forced labor used in eastern Europe. Peasants usually owed three of four days a week of forced labor. The system was abolished in 1848. junkers Prussia's landowning nobility. The junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in exchange for absolute power over their serfs. Scientific Method The use of inductive logic and controlled experiments to discover regular patterns in nature. These patterns or natural laws can be described with mathematical formulas. Philosophes 18th century writers who stressed reason and advocated freedom of expression, religious toleration, and a reformed legal system. Leading philosophes such Voltaire fought irrational prejudice and blieved that society should be open to people of talent. Deism The belief that God created the universe but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature. Deists believed that natural laws could be discovered by the use of human reason. General Will A concept in political philosophy referring to the desire or interest of a people as a whole. As used by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who championed the concept, the general will is identical to the rule of law. Enlightened Despotism A system of government supported by leading philosophes in which an absolute ruler uses his or her power for the good of the people. Enlightened monarchs supported religious tolerance, increased economic productivity, administrative reform and scientific academies. Joseph II, Frederick the Great, and Catherine the Great were the best-known Enlightened monarchs. Enclosure Movement The process by which British landlords consolidated or fenced in common lands to increase the production of cash crops. The Enclosure Acts led to an increase in the size of farms held by large landowners. Agricultureal Revolution The innovations in farm production that began in 18th century Holland and spread to England. These advances replaced the open-field agriculture system with a more scientific and mechanicanized system of agriculture. Physiocrats Group of 18th century French economists led by Francois Quesnay. The physiocrats critized mercantilist regulations and called for free trade. Invisible Hand Phrase coined by Adam Smith to refer to the self-regulating nature of a free marketplace Parlements French regional courts (NOT A PARLIAMENT!) dominated by hereditary nobles. The Parlement of Paris claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law Girondins A moderate republican faction active in the French Revolution from 1791 to 1793. The Girondin Party favored a policy of extending the French Revolution beyond France's borders. Jacobins A radical republican party during the French Revolution. Led by Maximilien Robespierre, the Jacobins unleashed the Reign of Terror. Other key leaders included Marat, Danton, and the Comte de Mirabeau. The Marquis de Lafayette was not a Jacobin. Sans-Culottes The working people of Paris who were characterized by their long working pants and support for radical politics Levee en Masse The French policy of conscripting all males into the Army. The created a new type of military force based upon mass participation and a fully mobilized economy. Thermidorian Reaction Named given to the reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution. It is associated with the end of the Reign of Terror and reassertion of bourgeoisie power in the Directory. Legitimacy The principle that rulers who have been driven from their thrones should be restored to power. For example, the Congress of Vienna restored the Bourbons to power in France Liberalism Political philosophy that in the 19th century advocated representative govt dominated by the propertied classes, minimal government interference in the economy, religious toleration, and civil liberties such as freedom of speech Conservatism Political philosophy the in the 19th century supported legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches. Conservaties favored gradual change in the established social order. Balance of Power A strategy to maintain an equilibrium, in which weak countries join together to match or exceed the power of a stronger country. It was one of the guiding principles of the Congress of Vienna. Nationalism Belief that a nation consists of a group of people who share similar traditions, history, and language. Nationalists argued that every nation should be sovereign and include all members of a community. A person's greatest loaylty should be to a nation-state Romanticism Philosophical and artistic movement in