Summary Physical Sciences

ACIDS AND BASES
Definitions
1. Arrhenius Model
a. Acid – is a substance that produces hydrogen ions/hydronium
(𝐻 +/𝐻3𝑂 +) ions in aqueous solution.

𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑯+ (𝒂𝒒) + 𝐶𝑙− (𝑎𝑞)
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑔) + 𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) → 𝑯𝟑𝑶 + (𝒂𝒒) + 𝐶𝑙− (𝑎𝑞)


b. Bases – is a substance that produces hydroxide (𝑂𝐻−) ions in aqueous solution.
𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐾 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑶𝑯− (𝑎𝑞)
2.Lowry-Br∅nsted Model
a. Acid – is a proton donor (𝐻 + ion).
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑔) + 𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) → 𝑯𝟑𝑶 + (𝒂𝒒) + 𝐶𝑙− (𝑎𝑞)


b. Base – is a proton acceptor (𝐻 + ion).
𝑂𝐻− (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞) → 𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒂𝒒)



Acids and Bases (MUST KNOW ALL)

Strong Acids Weak Bases

1. 𝐻𝐶𝑙 – Hydrochloric acid - Stomach 1. (𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻2) – Oxalic acid - Use as
acid (digest food) bleach

2. 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 - Sulfuric acid - Used as car 2. 𝐻3𝑃𝑂4 - Phosphoric acid - Add
battery acid taste to gaseous cold drinks and
make fertilisers

3. 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 - Nitric acid - To make 3. 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 – Ethanoic - Main
fertilisers and explosives component in vinegar

4. 𝐻2𝐶𝑂3 - Carbonic acid - To make
gaseous cold drinks