INDEPENDENT AFRICA
Table Of Contents:
Word Bank 1
Ideas that Influenced Independent African States: 2
The Motives of the ‘Superpowers’ in Africa 3
Congo Case Study 3
Timeline And Events 3
Key Points : 8
Analysis of Congo Case Study 9
Political Challenges Of Independent Congo: 9
Economic Challenges Of Independent Congo: 9
The Legacy Of Colonialism in Independent Congo: 9
The Impact Of External involvement in Independent Congo: 10
Tanzania Case Study 10
Timeline And Events 10
Analysis Of Tanzania Case Study 13
Creation Of Tanzania 13
Advancement and Africanisation in Tanzania 14
The Arusha Declaration 14
Tanzania’s Economic Challenges 15
Tanzania’s Legacy Of Colonialism 15
Angola Case Study 16
Timeline and Events 16
The Three Anti-Colonial Movements Formed In Angola 21
Reasons for international involvement in Angola 21
The Changing Nature Of International Relationships After 1989 22
1
, Word Bank
Civil war: A violent conflict within a country fought by organised groups aimed at seizing power in a region, or
changing government policies
African Nationalism: African Nationalism did not grow out of cultural similarities but from a common
experience of colonisation and a shared desire for independence.Nationalism typically refers to a feeling of
closeness to people who share your geographical area, language, culture and the like. It includes a strong desire
to be ruled by someone of the group.
Proxy war: a war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved. The Cold War brought
many proxy wars through which the two sides struggled to exert their influence.
Pan-Africanism: belief that Africans (in Africa and in the diaspora) must unite to further their common aims
and objectives. These aims tend to include returning Africa to African rule, and some Pan-Africanists hold the
ideal that all people of African ancestry should return to Africa.
Ideas that Influenced Independent African States:
- African Socialism:
Communal land ownership, collective decision making, classless society.
(Collective ownership is = state ownership)
Different from Marxist socialism
No classes, therefore, no leadership or dictatorship by a certain class
State run by coalition of representatives of groups and tribes
Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana); Julius Nyerere (Tanzania); Léopold Senghor (Senegal) and Sékou
Touré (Guinea) led these ideas
- Capitalism:
Relied on foreign investments and strong ties with Western countries.
Economic system whereby capital is invested and labour and resources are
exploited to make a profit
Europeans extracted raw materials from African colonies and processed in
factories overseas → finished goods and led to great wealth for European owners, but poverty in
African colonies ∴
African states adopted different ideologies to shun capitalism
- Democracy:
Majority rule: A system of government by the whole population typically through elected
representatives.
Elected governments protect rights of the people
Colonial powers expected their former colonies to be run as multi-party democracies. This did
happen for a while, but eventually many states became more authoritarian.
- One-party States:
Many countries abandoned democratic forms of government because democracy wasn't
traditional, and people weren't used to it.
2
Table Of Contents:
Word Bank 1
Ideas that Influenced Independent African States: 2
The Motives of the ‘Superpowers’ in Africa 3
Congo Case Study 3
Timeline And Events 3
Key Points : 8
Analysis of Congo Case Study 9
Political Challenges Of Independent Congo: 9
Economic Challenges Of Independent Congo: 9
The Legacy Of Colonialism in Independent Congo: 9
The Impact Of External involvement in Independent Congo: 10
Tanzania Case Study 10
Timeline And Events 10
Analysis Of Tanzania Case Study 13
Creation Of Tanzania 13
Advancement and Africanisation in Tanzania 14
The Arusha Declaration 14
Tanzania’s Economic Challenges 15
Tanzania’s Legacy Of Colonialism 15
Angola Case Study 16
Timeline and Events 16
The Three Anti-Colonial Movements Formed In Angola 21
Reasons for international involvement in Angola 21
The Changing Nature Of International Relationships After 1989 22
1
, Word Bank
Civil war: A violent conflict within a country fought by organised groups aimed at seizing power in a region, or
changing government policies
African Nationalism: African Nationalism did not grow out of cultural similarities but from a common
experience of colonisation and a shared desire for independence.Nationalism typically refers to a feeling of
closeness to people who share your geographical area, language, culture and the like. It includes a strong desire
to be ruled by someone of the group.
Proxy war: a war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved. The Cold War brought
many proxy wars through which the two sides struggled to exert their influence.
Pan-Africanism: belief that Africans (in Africa and in the diaspora) must unite to further their common aims
and objectives. These aims tend to include returning Africa to African rule, and some Pan-Africanists hold the
ideal that all people of African ancestry should return to Africa.
Ideas that Influenced Independent African States:
- African Socialism:
Communal land ownership, collective decision making, classless society.
(Collective ownership is = state ownership)
Different from Marxist socialism
No classes, therefore, no leadership or dictatorship by a certain class
State run by coalition of representatives of groups and tribes
Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana); Julius Nyerere (Tanzania); Léopold Senghor (Senegal) and Sékou
Touré (Guinea) led these ideas
- Capitalism:
Relied on foreign investments and strong ties with Western countries.
Economic system whereby capital is invested and labour and resources are
exploited to make a profit
Europeans extracted raw materials from African colonies and processed in
factories overseas → finished goods and led to great wealth for European owners, but poverty in
African colonies ∴
African states adopted different ideologies to shun capitalism
- Democracy:
Majority rule: A system of government by the whole population typically through elected
representatives.
Elected governments protect rights of the people
Colonial powers expected their former colonies to be run as multi-party democracies. This did
happen for a while, but eventually many states became more authoritarian.
- One-party States:
Many countries abandoned democratic forms of government because democracy wasn't
traditional, and people weren't used to it.
2
