Unit 14 Applications of organic chemistry
Learning Aim B: Understanding the reactions and properties of
aromatic compounds
Introduction
In this report I will explain the structure of benzene using sigma and pi bonding. I will supply
evidence for its structure and will explain the chemical properties of industrial importance
of benzene and mono substituents benzene compounds. I will compare the mechanisms for
addition and substitution reactions of benzene and analyse the effects of different mono
substituents on the benzene ring. To predict further substitution positions of a reaction
species on the benzene ring.
Structure of Benzene
Benzene only has Hydrogen and carbon atoms and therefore is classed as a hydrocarbon.
Benzene has six carbons to carbon sigma bonds, there are also six carbons to hydrogen
sigma bonds. There are also three carbons to carbon pi bonds. Each carbon atom has four
electrons involved in bonding.
, Sigma bonds are formed by the overlapping of atomic orbitals head-to-head, while pi bonds
are formed by lateral overlap of two atomic orbitals. Both bonds are covalent bonds, pi
bonds are usually weaker than the sigma bonds as they are more generally more spread out
than sigma bonds.
A single bond is a sigma bond, and a double bond has one sigma bond and one pi bond.
Benzene has twelve sigma bonds and three pi bonds; it consists of twelve sigma bonds and
three pi bonds. It consists of nine single and three double bonds.
It has a hexagon structure and because of its planar structure the only way the 6p orbital
can overlap above and below the ring of carbon and this gives the delocalised pi system
making it particularly stable.
Learning Aim B: Understanding the reactions and properties of
aromatic compounds
Introduction
In this report I will explain the structure of benzene using sigma and pi bonding. I will supply
evidence for its structure and will explain the chemical properties of industrial importance
of benzene and mono substituents benzene compounds. I will compare the mechanisms for
addition and substitution reactions of benzene and analyse the effects of different mono
substituents on the benzene ring. To predict further substitution positions of a reaction
species on the benzene ring.
Structure of Benzene
Benzene only has Hydrogen and carbon atoms and therefore is classed as a hydrocarbon.
Benzene has six carbons to carbon sigma bonds, there are also six carbons to hydrogen
sigma bonds. There are also three carbons to carbon pi bonds. Each carbon atom has four
electrons involved in bonding.
, Sigma bonds are formed by the overlapping of atomic orbitals head-to-head, while pi bonds
are formed by lateral overlap of two atomic orbitals. Both bonds are covalent bonds, pi
bonds are usually weaker than the sigma bonds as they are more generally more spread out
than sigma bonds.
A single bond is a sigma bond, and a double bond has one sigma bond and one pi bond.
Benzene has twelve sigma bonds and three pi bonds; it consists of twelve sigma bonds and
three pi bonds. It consists of nine single and three double bonds.
It has a hexagon structure and because of its planar structure the only way the 6p orbital
can overlap above and below the ring of carbon and this gives the delocalised pi system
making it particularly stable.
