ORIENTATION TO THE STUDY GUIDE

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Study unit 0: ORIENTATION TO THE STUDY GUIDE 1
0.1 Welcome to the module 1
0.2 Why study this module? How will it benefit you in your life or work? 1
0.3 Use of icons 5

Study unit 1: AGGRAVATED ROBBERY 6
1.1 INTRODUCTION 8
1.2 CONTEXTUALISATION OF THE CONCEPT AGGRAVATED ROBBERY 9
1.3 NATURE AND EXTENT OF AGGRAVATED ROBBERY 10
1.4 THE TYPOLOGY OF ROBBERS 14
1.5 MODUS OPERANDI (MO) OF ROBBERS 17
1.6 OFFENDER MOTIVATION 22
1.7 IMPACT OF AGGRAVATED ROBBERY 24
1.8 PREVENTION OF AGGRAVATED ROBBERIES 26
1.9 SUMMARY 28
1.10 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 28 1.11 LIST OF REFERENCES 30

Study unit 2: XENOPHOBIA 33
2.1 INTRODUCTION 35
2.2 DEFINITION OF KEY CONCEPTS 35
2.3 MYTHS AND REALITIES ABOUT XENOPHOBIA IN SOUTH AFRICA 36
2.4 MIGRATION AND XENOPHOBIA 36
2.5 THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF XENOPHOBIA IN SOUTH AFRICA 37
2.6 CAUSES OF XENOPHOBIA 39
2.7 IMPACT OF XENOPHOBIA 41
2.8 PREVENTION OF XENOPHOBIA 42
2.9 SUMMARY 43
2.10 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 44
2.11 ANSWERS TO SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 45
2.12 LIST OF REFERENCES 46


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Study unit 3: CONSERVATION CRIME 47
3.1 INTRODUCTION 50
3.2 THE CONSERVATION CRIME LEXICON: A SEMANTICAL ORIENTATION 51
3.3 DEFINITION OF CONSERVATION CRIME 55
3.4 CONSERVATION CRIME AS A VIABLE CRIME CATEGORY 56
3.5 WATER POLLUTION AS AN EXAMPLE OF SOUTH AFRICAN
CONSERVATION CRIME 57
3.6 REPTILE POACHING AS AN EXAMPLE OF SOUTH AFRICAN
CONSERVATION CRIME 64

, 3.7 MOTIVATIONAL AND CONTRIBUTORY DYNAMICS
PERTAINING TO CONSERVATION CRIME 74
3.8 CRAFTING A NATIONAL EXPLANATION FOR CONSERVATION CRIME 77
3.9 CONCEPTUALISING CONSERVATION CRIME VICTIMISATION 82
3.10 PREVENTION AND/OR MITIGATION OF CONSERVATION CRIME 83 3.11 REACTIVE
VERSUS PROACTIVE COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT: FOOD
FOR THOUGHT 86
3.12 SUMMARY 87
3.13 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 87
3.14 ANSWERS TO SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONS 89
3.15 LIST OF REFERENCES 90

Study unit 4: KIDNAPPING IN SOUTH AFRICA 93
4.1 INTRODUCTION 95
4.2 DEFINITION OF KEY CONCEPTS 95
4.3 THE CRIME METHOD 96
4.4 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES OF KIDNAPPING 97
4.5 THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF KIDNAPPING 99
4.6 TYPOLOGIES OF KIDNAPPERS 101
4.7 IMPACT OF KIDNAPPING 104
4.8 KIDNAPPING IN SOUTH AFRICA 104
4.9 SUMMARY 111
4.10 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 111
4.11 ANSWERS TO SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 112
4.12 LIST OF REFERENCES 112

Study unit 5: RURAL CRIME IN SOUTH AFRICA:
ATTACKS AND MURDERS ON FARMS AND STOCK THEFT 113
5.1 INTRODUCTION 116
5.2 CONTEXTUALISING RURAL CRIME 117
5.3 KEY CONCEPTS 118
5.4 OVERVIEW OF THE OCCURRENCE OF ATTACKS/MURDERS ON FARMS
AND STOCK THEFT IN SOUTH AFRICA 120
5.5 THE PERPETRATORS OF ATTACKS AND MURDERS ON FARMS 122
5.6 THE PERPETRATORS OF STOCK THEFT 123
5.7 THE MODUS OPERANDI OF PERPETRATORS OF ATTACKS AND
MURDERS ON FARMS 124
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5.8 THE MODUS OPERANDI OF STOCK THEFT PERPETRATORS 124
5.9 THE MOTIVES AND CAUSES OF ATTACKS AND MURDERS ON FARMS 126
5.10 MOTIVES AND CAUSES OF STOCK THEFT 129
5.11 RECOMMENDATIONS ON COMBATING ATTACKS AND MURDERS ON
FARMS AND STOCK THEFT 130
5.12 CONCLUDING REMARKS
5.13 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 132
CMY3706/1

, 5.14 ANSWERS TO SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 133
5.15 LIST OF REFERENCES 134

Study unit 6: CYBERCRIME 136
6.1 INTRODUCTION 139
6.2 DEFINITIONS OR KEY CONCEPTS 140
6.3 OVERVIEW OF CYBERCRIME IN SOUTH AFRICA 141
6.4 VARIATIONS AND FORMS OF CYBERCRIME 141
6.5 CYBERCRIME VERSUS TRADITIONAL CRIME 142
6.6 CYBERCRIME TYPOLOGY 144
6.7 THE NATURE OF CYBERCRIME 151
6.8 CYBERCRIME TECHNIQUES 156
6.9 VULNERABILITIES 159
6.10 CYBERSTALKING AS A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF CYBERCRIME 162
6.11 THE POLICING OF CYBERCRIME 166
6.12 PREVENTING AND COMBATING CYBERCRIME 170
6.13 USE OF GROUNDED THEORY IN UNDERSTANDING AND ANALYSING
CYBERCRIME 173
6.14 CRIMINOLOGICAL APPLICATION 175
6.15 DISCUSSION 176
6.16 SUMMARY 177
6.17 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 177
6.18 REFERENCES 180




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