NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Final Exam
1.Know physiological reactions in the body during “fight or flight response”
-Blood vessels, pupils dilate, release epinephrine, norepinephrine
2.Define ventilation
-Process of moving air into the lungs
3.Know causes of edema
-1) increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2)loss of plasma proteins
3)obstruction of lymphatic circulation
4)increased capillary permeability
4.Define sign, symptom, subjective data, contraindication- know how they are each used in diagnosis
-Subjective data- collected data from a patient’s feeling
-Sign- observed by nurses
-Symptom- what/how patient feels
-Contraindication- Treatments or procedures that may harm a client
5.Know electrolytes that are higher in intracellular fluid
-Potassium 26.Know clinical manifestations of appendicitis and peptic ulcer disease, be able to identify both
-Appendicitis: Pain in right lower quadrant (RLQ); McBurney’s point
-Peptic Ulcer: Epigastric or abdominal pain, heartburn
7.Know steps of laceration correction, know what end goal is— chap 3
-Hemostasis, Inflammatory, Proliferative, and Maturation. Hemostasis, the first phase of healing, begins at the onset of injury, and the objective is to stop the bleeding
8.Know clinical manifestations of ARF—high and low levels of what in the lungs
-Clinical Manifestations:
Shallow respirations
Headache
Tachycardia
Dysrhythmias
Lethargy
Confusion
In acute respiratory failure O2 is low and CO2 is high (d/t hypoventilation)
9.Know the cause of a pulmonary embolism (PE)
-Causes deep vein thrombosis, clot in leg migrates
10.Know tool to determine the level of consciousness
-Glasgow Coma Scale 311.Define cystitis, pyelonephritis—know difference
-Cystitis: Infections in the bladder area; in women (E. coli)
-Pyelonephritis: Ascending urinary tract infection (E. coli)
12.Know outcomes of imbalance in PTH, ADH, calcitonin— what electrolyte is high/low
-Low levels of anti-diuretic hormone will cause the kidneys to excrete too much water
13.Know phases of acute kidney injury
-Onset phase: Kidney injury occurs.
Oliguric (anuric) phase: Urine output decreases from renal tubule damage.
Diuretic phase: The kidneys try to heal and urine output increases, but tubule scarring, and damage occurs.
Recovery phase: Tubular edema resolves, and renal function improves.
14.Know common findings of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
SOB
Fast heart rate, fast breathing; rapid, shallow breaths
Cough that produces phlegm
Blue fingernails aka cyanosis
Fatigue
Fever
Crackling sounds in the lungs
1.Know physiological reactions in the body during “fight or flight response”
-Blood vessels, pupils dilate, release epinephrine, norepinephrine
2.Define ventilation
-Process of moving air into the lungs
3.Know causes of edema
-1) increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2)loss of plasma proteins
3)obstruction of lymphatic circulation
4)increased capillary permeability
4.Define sign, symptom, subjective data, contraindication- know how they are each used in diagnosis
-Subjective data- collected data from a patient’s feeling
-Sign- observed by nurses
-Symptom- what/how patient feels
-Contraindication- Treatments or procedures that may harm a client
5.Know electrolytes that are higher in intracellular fluid
-Potassium 26.Know clinical manifestations of appendicitis and peptic ulcer disease, be able to identify both
-Appendicitis: Pain in right lower quadrant (RLQ); McBurney’s point
-Peptic Ulcer: Epigastric or abdominal pain, heartburn
7.Know steps of laceration correction, know what end goal is— chap 3
-Hemostasis, Inflammatory, Proliferative, and Maturation. Hemostasis, the first phase of healing, begins at the onset of injury, and the objective is to stop the bleeding
8.Know clinical manifestations of ARF—high and low levels of what in the lungs
-Clinical Manifestations:
Shallow respirations
Headache
Tachycardia
Dysrhythmias
Lethargy
Confusion
In acute respiratory failure O2 is low and CO2 is high (d/t hypoventilation)
9.Know the cause of a pulmonary embolism (PE)
-Causes deep vein thrombosis, clot in leg migrates
10.Know tool to determine the level of consciousness
-Glasgow Coma Scale 311.Define cystitis, pyelonephritis—know difference
-Cystitis: Infections in the bladder area; in women (E. coli)
-Pyelonephritis: Ascending urinary tract infection (E. coli)
12.Know outcomes of imbalance in PTH, ADH, calcitonin— what electrolyte is high/low
-Low levels of anti-diuretic hormone will cause the kidneys to excrete too much water
13.Know phases of acute kidney injury
-Onset phase: Kidney injury occurs.
Oliguric (anuric) phase: Urine output decreases from renal tubule damage.
Diuretic phase: The kidneys try to heal and urine output increases, but tubule scarring, and damage occurs.
Recovery phase: Tubular edema resolves, and renal function improves.
14.Know common findings of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
SOB
Fast heart rate, fast breathing; rapid, shallow breaths
Cough that produces phlegm
Blue fingernails aka cyanosis
Fatigue
Fever
Crackling sounds in the lungs
