Advanced Pathophysiology MidTerm Study Guide Questions And Answers 2022

Advanced Pathophysiology MidTerm Study Guide Questions And Answers 2022 What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential? - Answer- Na+ gates open, and Na+ rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from - to + What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? - Answer- Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because: - AnswerATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps Na+ out of the cell. What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation? - AnswerIncreased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerosis? - Answer- LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured? - Answer- Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 1 (IL1) When endothelia cells are injured, which alteration contributes to atherosclerosis? - Answer- Cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines Which factor is responsible for hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension? - Answer- Angiotensin II What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an aneurysm? - Answer- Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall. Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation? - Answer- Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present. Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries? - Answer- Prinzmetal The pulsusparadoxus that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion is caused by a dysfunction in which mechanism? - Answer- Diastolic filling pressure of the left ventricle and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers Ventricular dilation and grossly impaired systolic function, leading to dilated heart failure, characterize which form of cardiomyopathy? - Answer- Congestive Amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, or glycogen storage disease usually causes which form of cardiomyopathy? - Answer- Restrictive In systolic heart failure, what effect does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have on stroke volume? - Answer- Increases preload and increases afterload What is the cause of the dyspnea resulting from a thoracic aneurysm? - AnswerPressure on surrounding organs Which statement is true concerning the cells' ability to synthesize cholesterol? - Answer- Most body cells are capable of producing cholesterol. What is the trigger for angina pectoris? - Answer- Myocardial ischemia Individuals being effectively managed for type 2 diabetes mellitus often experience a healthy decline in blood pressure as a result of which intervention? - Answer- Insulinsensitivity medication therapy Most cardiovascular developments occur between which weeks of gestation? - Answer- Fourth and seventh weeks The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur? - Answer- Rightto-left blood shunting An infant has a continuous machine-type murmur best heard at the left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole, as well as a bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? - Answer- Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) An infant has a crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur located between the second and third intercostal spaces along the left sternal border. A wide fixed splitting of the second heart sound is also found. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? - Answer- Atrial septal defect (ASD) An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and a systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? - Answer- Ventricular septal defect (VSD) Form of necrosis in tuberculosis? - Answer- Caseous Most common cause of cellular injury? - Answer- Hypoxia Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? - Answer- Mitochondria......