approaches
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1. the origin of psy- occurred in 1875 by Wilhelm Wundt (German philoso-
chology pher) who established the first psychology laboratory in
Leipzig Germany. he separated psychology from philos-
ophy by analysing the workings of the mind in a more
scientific way with a structure, objectives and control.
2. introspection the examination or observation of one's own mental and
emotional processes.
3. how did Wundt he was the first to attempt to examine the human mind in
make psycholo- a scientific manner which encouraged other researchers
gy scientific to further develop a scientific approach.
4. Wundt's experi- he trained his researchers to observe their inner men-
ment tal processes when they were presented with the same
controlled stimuli. they had to report these in terms of
intensity, quality and duration. the controlled environment
made it possible to compare different participants reports.
5. Wundt evalua- the experiment was reliable as it followed a scientific
tion 1 method with standard procedures in a controlled environ-
ment. The stimulus was controlled and they were all told
what to do.
6. Wundt evalua- it was a reliable experiment as all the variables were
tion 2 controlled and the same for everyone. however the exper-
iment findings were unreliable because the thoughts and
informtion the participants reported were inconsistent.
7. Wundt evalua- there was high internal validity because there were a lot of
tion 3 control variables that stayed consistent for everyone and
the experiment did measure each participant's individual
response.
8. Wundt evalua- it lacks external validity because the experiment is too
tion 4 simplistic to be applied to the complexity of people's
thoughts. people wouldn't generally be asked to give re-
sponses upon seeing pictures.
9.
, approaches
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Wundt evalua- we don't know the cause of where these thoughts come
tion 5 from and why people have different thoughts because the
measure is unobservable.
10. The learning ap- Founded in 1900s by John Watson
proach Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
11. Behaviourist ap- All behaviours are learnt from our environment and expe-
proach assump- rience
tions Animals and humans learn in the same way and so animal
studies can be generalised to humans.
Psychology should be scientific and use laboratory set-
tings and have high control.
Focus on observable behaviour.
12. classical condi- a type of learning through association. First demonstrated
tioning by Ivan Pavlov who showed that dogs could be condi-
tioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if that sound was
repeatedly presented at the same time that they were
given food.
13. Ivan Pavlov ex- First the dogs were presented with the food, they salivat-
periment ed. The food was the unconditioned stimulus and saliva-
tion was an unconditioned response.
Then Pavlov sounded the bell (neutral stimulus) before
giving the food. After a few pairings the dogs salivated
when they heard the bell even when no food was given.
The bell had become the conditioned stimulus and sali-
vation had become the conditioned response.
The dogs had learnt to associate the bell with the food
and the sound of the bell and salivation was triggered by
the sound of the bell.
14. Classical condi- Generalisation as they used a wide variety of dogs. How-
tioning evalua- ever it is not generalised to humans.
tion 1
15. Classical condi- Reliable as variables have been controlled and standard-
tioning evalua- ised and the experiment has been replicated.
tion 2
, approaches
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_95fmeu
16. Classical condi- High internal validity as it was in a controlled environment
tioning evalua- and the experiment measured the effect of conditioning.
tion 3
17. Diagram of clas- UCS —————> UCR
sical condition- UCS + neutral stimulus ———> UCR
ing developing CS —————> CR
something has developed by learning by association of
the UCS and the neutral stimulus which has now become
the CS.
18. operant condi- Learning by reinforcement. When humans and animals
tioning act on and in their environment, consequences follow
these behaviors. If the consequences are pleasant they
repeat the behavior but if the consequences are unpleas-
ant they do not repeat the behavior.
investigated by Skinner.
19. Reinforcement any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
20. Positive rein- Consequence of behaviour is pleasant. Leading to an
forcement increase in behaviour.
21. negative rein- Unpleasant consequence is removed by a certain behav-
forcement iour leading to an increase.
22. Punishment Behaviour has an unpleasant consequence so there is a
decrease in behaviour.
23. The Skinner Box A hungry rat was placed in a cage. Every time he activated
the lever a food pellet fell in the food dispenser (positive
reinforcement). The rats quickly learnt to go straight to the
lever after a few times of being put in the box. This sug-
gests that positive reinforcement increases the likelihood
of the behavior being repeated. Negative reinforcement
was the loud noise and electric grid.
24. Skinner box eval- Unethical as it causes harm to the rats during negative
uation 1 reinforcement.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_95fmeu
1. the origin of psy- occurred in 1875 by Wilhelm Wundt (German philoso-
chology pher) who established the first psychology laboratory in
Leipzig Germany. he separated psychology from philos-
ophy by analysing the workings of the mind in a more
scientific way with a structure, objectives and control.
2. introspection the examination or observation of one's own mental and
emotional processes.
3. how did Wundt he was the first to attempt to examine the human mind in
make psycholo- a scientific manner which encouraged other researchers
gy scientific to further develop a scientific approach.
4. Wundt's experi- he trained his researchers to observe their inner men-
ment tal processes when they were presented with the same
controlled stimuli. they had to report these in terms of
intensity, quality and duration. the controlled environment
made it possible to compare different participants reports.
5. Wundt evalua- the experiment was reliable as it followed a scientific
tion 1 method with standard procedures in a controlled environ-
ment. The stimulus was controlled and they were all told
what to do.
6. Wundt evalua- it was a reliable experiment as all the variables were
tion 2 controlled and the same for everyone. however the exper-
iment findings were unreliable because the thoughts and
informtion the participants reported were inconsistent.
7. Wundt evalua- there was high internal validity because there were a lot of
tion 3 control variables that stayed consistent for everyone and
the experiment did measure each participant's individual
response.
8. Wundt evalua- it lacks external validity because the experiment is too
tion 4 simplistic to be applied to the complexity of people's
thoughts. people wouldn't generally be asked to give re-
sponses upon seeing pictures.
9.
, approaches
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_95fmeu
Wundt evalua- we don't know the cause of where these thoughts come
tion 5 from and why people have different thoughts because the
measure is unobservable.
10. The learning ap- Founded in 1900s by John Watson
proach Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
11. Behaviourist ap- All behaviours are learnt from our environment and expe-
proach assump- rience
tions Animals and humans learn in the same way and so animal
studies can be generalised to humans.
Psychology should be scientific and use laboratory set-
tings and have high control.
Focus on observable behaviour.
12. classical condi- a type of learning through association. First demonstrated
tioning by Ivan Pavlov who showed that dogs could be condi-
tioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if that sound was
repeatedly presented at the same time that they were
given food.
13. Ivan Pavlov ex- First the dogs were presented with the food, they salivat-
periment ed. The food was the unconditioned stimulus and saliva-
tion was an unconditioned response.
Then Pavlov sounded the bell (neutral stimulus) before
giving the food. After a few pairings the dogs salivated
when they heard the bell even when no food was given.
The bell had become the conditioned stimulus and sali-
vation had become the conditioned response.
The dogs had learnt to associate the bell with the food
and the sound of the bell and salivation was triggered by
the sound of the bell.
14. Classical condi- Generalisation as they used a wide variety of dogs. How-
tioning evalua- ever it is not generalised to humans.
tion 1
15. Classical condi- Reliable as variables have been controlled and standard-
tioning evalua- ised and the experiment has been replicated.
tion 2
, approaches
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_95fmeu
16. Classical condi- High internal validity as it was in a controlled environment
tioning evalua- and the experiment measured the effect of conditioning.
tion 3
17. Diagram of clas- UCS —————> UCR
sical condition- UCS + neutral stimulus ———> UCR
ing developing CS —————> CR
something has developed by learning by association of
the UCS and the neutral stimulus which has now become
the CS.
18. operant condi- Learning by reinforcement. When humans and animals
tioning act on and in their environment, consequences follow
these behaviors. If the consequences are pleasant they
repeat the behavior but if the consequences are unpleas-
ant they do not repeat the behavior.
investigated by Skinner.
19. Reinforcement any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
20. Positive rein- Consequence of behaviour is pleasant. Leading to an
forcement increase in behaviour.
21. negative rein- Unpleasant consequence is removed by a certain behav-
forcement iour leading to an increase.
22. Punishment Behaviour has an unpleasant consequence so there is a
decrease in behaviour.
23. The Skinner Box A hungry rat was placed in a cage. Every time he activated
the lever a food pellet fell in the food dispenser (positive
reinforcement). The rats quickly learnt to go straight to the
lever after a few times of being put in the box. This sug-
gests that positive reinforcement increases the likelihood
of the behavior being repeated. Negative reinforcement
was the loud noise and electric grid.
24. Skinner box eval- Unethical as it causes harm to the rats during negative
uation 1 reinforcement.
