NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1 REVIEW 2022

NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1 REVIEW 2022. This is a complete and an all-inclusive guide to NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1 REVIEW 2022. What is Pathology?The study and diagnosis of the diseasethrough examination oforgans,tissues, cells and body fluids What is Physiology?The study of the mechanical physical and biochemical functions ofliving organisms What is Pathophysiology?THE SUUDY OF ABNORMALITIES IN PHYSIOLOGICFUNCTIONG OF LIVING BEINGS What is the framework for Pathophysiology? Etiology – Thestudy of the causes or reasons for phenomena, identification of the causefactors disease Pathogenesis-The development or the evolution. How did the disease actuallyevolve?Begin? Manifestations? Clinical Manifestations-They areobserved signs of the disease EX: increasein WBC Implications/Treatments- An understanding of the etiology, pathophysiology andpathogenesis, determine what will help. What treatment? Homeostasis & Allostasis What is Homeostasis? Remaining stable, set point, equilibrium, systems arein balance What is Allostasis? Ability to successfully adapt to challenges. A dynamic process trhatmaintains or reestablishes homeostasis Stress and Disease- Hans Selye- the pioneer in the study of stress and disease, describedstages of adaptation to a stressful event: Alarm :Hypothalamus Activates corticotropin, fightor flight response as the result ofstressful stimulus. Internal/external HPA- Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis Resistance: Activity of the nervous and endocrine system in returning the body tohomeostasis. Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing hormone CRH. Activates AnteriorPituitary Secretes ACTH Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Recovery OR Exhaustion: Where the body can no longer return to homeostasis,Allostatic Overload “wear and tear on the body” Stress as a Concept 1. Reactions to stressvary depending upon 1. Geneticconstitution 2. Gender 3. Pastexperiences 4. Cultural influences 5. Developmentalstage 2. 6 Age. Conditions orsituations that increasethelikelihood ofencountering a stressor.Mediators of Stress and Adaptation Hormones Catecholamines Norepinephrine, Epinephrine Adrenocortical Steroids Cortisol, Aldosterone Neurohormonal Mediators • Endorphins • Sex Hormones • Growth Hormone • Adaptation, Coping & Illness • Individual Stress Response Effectsof Stress ResponseInfluenced by Allostatic overload • Leads to various illnesses and disorders, both physical and emotional • Chemical mediators form thestress responsecontributetovarious illnesses: Cortisol,catecholamines, cytokines. CH 3 Cell Structure and Function Cellular Metabolism- is the biochemical process whereby foodstuffs are used to provide cellular energy and biomolecules. Cellular metabolism includes two separate and opposite phases: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism refers to energy-using metabolic processes or pathways that result in the synthesis of complex molecules such as fats. Catabolism refers to theenergy-releasing breakdown of nutrient sources such as glucoseto provide ATP to thecell. All living cells must continually perform essentialcellular functions such as movement, iontransport, and synthesis of macromolecules. ATP serves as the“energycurrency”of thecell Glycolysis- The catabolic process of energy production begins with the intestinal digestion offoodstuffs into small molecules: proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into simplesugars(monosaccharides), and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. - glycolysis is an important provider of ATP under anaerobicconditions becauseoxygen is notrequired. Thus ATP production by glycolysis becomes important during conditions of reduced cellular oxygenation Citric Acid Cycle(Krebs Cycle) Ten enzymaticsteps arerequired glycolysis to break glucoseinto two3-carbon pyruvatemolecules. A net gain of two ATP molecules is achieved. KNOW KREBS CYCLE process Chapter 24 Fluid & Electrolyte Homeostasis & ImbalancesBody Fluids • Body fluid flows in arteries,veins, and lymph vessels • They aresecreted into specialized compartments- • Joints • CerebralVentricle • IntestinalLumen Fluid Excretion • Fluid excretion normally occurs through the urinary tract, bowels, lungs and skin. • Visible Sweat • Exhaling • Fecalexcretion Fluid Loss through Abnormal Routes • Emesis • Tubes in the GI tract orother body cavities • Hemorrhage • Drainagefrom fistulas, wounds, oropen skin • Paracentesis VOLUME DEFICIT ETIOLOGY CAUSED BY REMOVAL OF A SODIUM CONTAINING FLUID FROM THE BODY Weight loss of 2.2 lbs. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS • Sudden WeightLoss • Postural blood pressure decrease with increase heart rate • Flat neck veins • Lightheadedness • Dizziness • Syncope • Oliguria (Smallvolumeof concentrated urine • Decreased skin tugor • Dry Mucus Membranes • Hard Stools • Soft sunken eyeballs • Longitudinal furrows in thetongue Volume excess ETIOLOGY • -CAUSED BYADDITION OR RETINTION OF ISOTONIC SALINE EXCESS • -EXCESSIVE SECRETION OF HORMONE ALDOSTERONE-CAUSES KIDNEYTORETAIN SALINE • Weight GAIN of 2.2 lbs. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS • Bounding Pulse • Crackles in lungs • Neck vein distension • Dyspnea • Orthopenea (SOB when lying down) • Sudden weight gain • Edema Bodyfluid concentration imbalances • Imbalances are disorders ofconcentration and not the amountofextracellular fluid. Alsocalled water imbalances *See Handout* • SODIUM- 135 – 145 mEq/L Hyponatremia • WaterIntoxication • Etiology-Gain of relatively more water than salt Hypernatremia- • Clinical Dehydration • Etiology- ECF fluid contains relatively too little water for sodium ions present. • Clinical dehydration • Etiology- Combination of twofluid disorders: ExtracellularVolume deficit andhypernatremia. • Toosmall a volumeof fluid in theExtracellular compartment (vascular and interstitial)and the body fluids are too concentrated.Vomiting and Diarrhea Clinical Manifestations- • Postural blood pressure decrease with increasein heart rate • Lightheadedness • Dizziness • Syncope on standing • Flat neck veins • Decreased skin turgorDry oral mucus membranes • Hard stools