Ch. 38
1. What term is used to identify the deposition of an excessive amount of extracellular matrix?
A. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis Correct
B. Compensatory hypertrophy
C. Obligatory growth
D. Compensatory growth
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the deposition of an excessive amount of extracellular matrix.
Compensatory hypertrophy is essential to the recovery of renal function after an obstruction.
Obligatory growth is the influence of somatostatin on nephrons. Compensatory growth is an
unidentified hormone influencing nephrons. Obligatory and compensatory growths together make up
compensatory hypertrophy.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
2. 2.ID: 793048060
Which condition is a risk factor for postobstructive diuresis?
A. Unilateral obstruction
B. Hypertension Correct
C. Dehydration
D. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
Hypertension is a risk factor for postobstructive diuresis, which is the rapid elimination of fluid after
an obstruction is removed. Other risk factors include bilateral obstruction, nephrogenic diabetes
insipidus, edema, congestive heart failure, and uremic encephalopathy.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
3. 3.ID: 793048072
What type of urinary calculus is made up of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate?
A. Calcium
B. Struvite Correct
C. Uric acid
D. Indinavir
Struvite stones account for approximately 15% of urinary calculus and are made up of magnesium,
ammonium, and phosphate. Uric acid stones account for approximately 7% of stones. Calcium
oxalate or calcium phosphate stones account for 70% to 80% of stones. Less common stone
elements include cystine, 2,8-dihydroxyadeninuria, triamterene, indinavir, and ammonium acid urate.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
4. 4.ID: 793048076
Which condition is a cause of an upper urinary tract obstruction?
A. Kidney stone Correct
B. Bladder neck dyssynergia
C. Prostate enlargement
D. Urethral stricture
Kidney stones are actually considered upper urinary tract obstructions. The other choices are causes
of lower urinary tract obstruction.
, Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
5. 5.ID: 793048068
Which condition is associated with uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle?
A. Spinal cord injury Correct
B. Immune system dysfunction
C. Congestive heart failure
D. Renal carcinoma
Spinal cord injury is associated with detrusor hyperreflexia with vescicosphincter dyssynergia, which
is defined as uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle associated with a
neurologic disorder. Other conditions associated with detrusor hyperreflexia are Guillain-Barré
syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and disk problems. The other choices listed are not associated with this
condition.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
6. 6.ID: 793048074
Which statement regarding renal cell carcinoma is true?
A. Renal cell carcinoma is associated with TP53.
B. Symptoms include hematuria. Correct
C. Early stages of the disease produce a large abdominal mass.
D. Granular cell tumors have a better prognosis than renal cell carcinoma.
Symptoms of renal cell carcinoma include hematuria, flank pain, and a flank or abdominal mass.
Early stages are often silent (without symptoms). Clear cell tumors have a better prognosis than
renal cell carcinoma. Overexpression of TP53 is demonstrated in bladder tumors.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
7. 7.ID: 793048054
A person reporting abdominal and back pain has been found to have bacteria in the urine. What term
is used to identify this type of upper urinary tract involvement?
A. Cystitis
B. Pyelonephritis Correct
C. Urinary tract infection
D. Asymptomatic bacteriuria
Pyelonephritis is the term used to identify this type of involvement of the upper urinary tract. Cystitis
is inflammation of the bladder. A urinary tract infection is inflammation of the urinary epithelium,
followed by invasion and colonization by some pathogen. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is bacteria in the
urine that does not provoke infection.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
8. 8.ID: 793048070
Which bacteria is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?
A. Klebsiella
B. Proteus
C. Escherichia coli Correct
D. Staphylococcus
, E. coli infections account for approximately 80% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The second most
common bacterial cause is Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10%), followed by Klebsiella,
Proteus, andPseudomonas.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
9. 9.ID: 793094957
Which factors determine the severity of obstructive uropathy? (Select all that apply.)
A. Blockage location Correct
B. Duration of the blockage Correct
C. Cause of the lesion Correct
D. Amount of renal blood flow
E. Degree of completeness of blockage Correct
The factors that determine the severity for obstructive uropathy are the locations of blockage, degree
of completeness, duration, involvement of one or both upper urinary tracts, and cause of the lesion.
Awarded 4.0 points out of 4.0 possible points.
10. 10.ID: 793094961
Which factors contribute to bacterial virulence within the urinary tract? (Select all that apply.)
A. Fimbriae expression Correct
B. Sidophore production Correct
C. Mucous production
D. Biofilm formation Correct
Fimbriae expression, the production of sidophores, and the formation of biofilm contribute to bacterial
virulence in the urinary tract. Mucus from the periurethral mucus-secreting glands traps bacteria in
the urethra, thus acting to minimize the risk to the urinary tract.
Awarded 3.0 points out of 3.0 possible points.
11. 11.ID: 793048062
A high concentration of urinary _________ is a factor that leads to the formation of renal calculus.
Correct
Correct Responses
A. Salt
A high concentration of urinary salt is required for renal calculus formation. Supersaturation is the
presence of a higher concentration of salt in a fluid. Precipitation of the salts from a liquid to a solid,
growth through crystallization or aggregation, and the presence or absence of stone inhibitors are
other factors required for stone formation.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
1. What term is used to identify the deposition of an excessive amount of extracellular matrix?
A. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis Correct
B. Compensatory hypertrophy
C. Obligatory growth
D. Compensatory growth
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the deposition of an excessive amount of extracellular matrix.
Compensatory hypertrophy is essential to the recovery of renal function after an obstruction.
Obligatory growth is the influence of somatostatin on nephrons. Compensatory growth is an
unidentified hormone influencing nephrons. Obligatory and compensatory growths together make up
compensatory hypertrophy.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
2. 2.ID: 793048060
Which condition is a risk factor for postobstructive diuresis?
A. Unilateral obstruction
B. Hypertension Correct
C. Dehydration
D. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
Hypertension is a risk factor for postobstructive diuresis, which is the rapid elimination of fluid after
an obstruction is removed. Other risk factors include bilateral obstruction, nephrogenic diabetes
insipidus, edema, congestive heart failure, and uremic encephalopathy.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
3. 3.ID: 793048072
What type of urinary calculus is made up of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate?
A. Calcium
B. Struvite Correct
C. Uric acid
D. Indinavir
Struvite stones account for approximately 15% of urinary calculus and are made up of magnesium,
ammonium, and phosphate. Uric acid stones account for approximately 7% of stones. Calcium
oxalate or calcium phosphate stones account for 70% to 80% of stones. Less common stone
elements include cystine, 2,8-dihydroxyadeninuria, triamterene, indinavir, and ammonium acid urate.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
4. 4.ID: 793048076
Which condition is a cause of an upper urinary tract obstruction?
A. Kidney stone Correct
B. Bladder neck dyssynergia
C. Prostate enlargement
D. Urethral stricture
Kidney stones are actually considered upper urinary tract obstructions. The other choices are causes
of lower urinary tract obstruction.
, Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
5. 5.ID: 793048068
Which condition is associated with uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle?
A. Spinal cord injury Correct
B. Immune system dysfunction
C. Congestive heart failure
D. Renal carcinoma
Spinal cord injury is associated with detrusor hyperreflexia with vescicosphincter dyssynergia, which
is defined as uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle associated with a
neurologic disorder. Other conditions associated with detrusor hyperreflexia are Guillain-Barré
syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and disk problems. The other choices listed are not associated with this
condition.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
6. 6.ID: 793048074
Which statement regarding renal cell carcinoma is true?
A. Renal cell carcinoma is associated with TP53.
B. Symptoms include hematuria. Correct
C. Early stages of the disease produce a large abdominal mass.
D. Granular cell tumors have a better prognosis than renal cell carcinoma.
Symptoms of renal cell carcinoma include hematuria, flank pain, and a flank or abdominal mass.
Early stages are often silent (without symptoms). Clear cell tumors have a better prognosis than
renal cell carcinoma. Overexpression of TP53 is demonstrated in bladder tumors.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
7. 7.ID: 793048054
A person reporting abdominal and back pain has been found to have bacteria in the urine. What term
is used to identify this type of upper urinary tract involvement?
A. Cystitis
B. Pyelonephritis Correct
C. Urinary tract infection
D. Asymptomatic bacteriuria
Pyelonephritis is the term used to identify this type of involvement of the upper urinary tract. Cystitis
is inflammation of the bladder. A urinary tract infection is inflammation of the urinary epithelium,
followed by invasion and colonization by some pathogen. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is bacteria in the
urine that does not provoke infection.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
8. 8.ID: 793048070
Which bacteria is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?
A. Klebsiella
B. Proteus
C. Escherichia coli Correct
D. Staphylococcus
, E. coli infections account for approximately 80% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The second most
common bacterial cause is Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10%), followed by Klebsiella,
Proteus, andPseudomonas.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
9. 9.ID: 793094957
Which factors determine the severity of obstructive uropathy? (Select all that apply.)
A. Blockage location Correct
B. Duration of the blockage Correct
C. Cause of the lesion Correct
D. Amount of renal blood flow
E. Degree of completeness of blockage Correct
The factors that determine the severity for obstructive uropathy are the locations of blockage, degree
of completeness, duration, involvement of one or both upper urinary tracts, and cause of the lesion.
Awarded 4.0 points out of 4.0 possible points.
10. 10.ID: 793094961
Which factors contribute to bacterial virulence within the urinary tract? (Select all that apply.)
A. Fimbriae expression Correct
B. Sidophore production Correct
C. Mucous production
D. Biofilm formation Correct
Fimbriae expression, the production of sidophores, and the formation of biofilm contribute to bacterial
virulence in the urinary tract. Mucus from the periurethral mucus-secreting glands traps bacteria in
the urethra, thus acting to minimize the risk to the urinary tract.
Awarded 3.0 points out of 3.0 possible points.
11. 11.ID: 793048062
A high concentration of urinary _________ is a factor that leads to the formation of renal calculus.
Correct
Correct Responses
A. Salt
A high concentration of urinary salt is required for renal calculus formation. Supersaturation is the
presence of a higher concentration of salt in a fluid. Precipitation of the salts from a liquid to a solid,
growth through crystallization or aggregation, and the presence or absence of stone inhibitors are
other factors required for stone formation.
Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
