reproduction productionofanew
generationofthesamespeciesbyeparent
takesplacebymitosisallorgsgeneticallyidenticaltotheir
reproductionin
floweringplants parents eachother clones
of
reproductionability organismsto
produceanewgeneration
of forthesurvival evolution
themselvesitsimportant ofa stems
speciesbecausereproductionallowsgenestobepassed
down bulbsbigroundstemssurroundedby leaves
special
byindividualsgen.togeneration runnersstolonslongthin stemsgoacrossground
rhizomes undergroundstems
typesofreproductionofplants stemtubers thickenedrhizomes
Asexualone
parentinvolved desert
mainly plants cuttingsdeveloprootsifput
intowater
a
roots
similaritiesasexual sexualreproduction tubersswollenlateralroots
root
producethesamekindoforgs preventextinction suckersdevelopfromrootsintonewplant
resultinfood produced vitaltoworld's tpop
being
leaves
Differencesasexual sexualreproduction newplantscandevelopdirectlyfromleaves
AdvantagesofAsexual
ASEXUAL SEXUAL
1 one needed
parent
2 nospecial
organs
noofparent onecangl Ya'mdeugIspring
two witnagenders
3 produceauicklyibciustmitosissimpleprocess
ipropagatedsimplyquickly cheaply
stagemintsigh
processes one ofcensiaucker
twostages
t 4 nooutsideagentsneeded
s little required
energy
ggmmetation nogametesformed formed
gametes 6 geneticallyidenticalinovariation
a unchangingstableconditions
genetically
genetically offspring
offspring s can
favourablemutations spreadrapidly
Endresult identical'inothatiation differentd9e'd's'Inted ipopcanadaptavidaytoenviro changes
asaneles meiosis
notsnuctied fertilization
a avoidingseeddormancy plantscanbe
propagatedthroughout
theyearindep of
inunchanging inunchanging seasonal
changes
value enviro
stable enviro
stable
well
adaptedindividuals
where
possible IIIefightingangpt
repro
intietonomates
DisadvantagesofAsexual
rateof Slowerin 1 nogeneticvariationbootnomixing
faster p
reproduction
p
gunge
i species adapttoenvirochanges
Energy moreefficient rage lessefficiententered andthusdie
out
input
gameterroatmating
z cantbebredout
geneticweaknesses
needed Pollinatorsteamed passeddowntooffspring
outagdents none
3 overcrowdingcan
occur
adaptability no yes
sexualrepro
possibility
ofevolution gyyyy good it ofnewgenerationbybringingtogether
production thegenetic
of
material parents offspring diff
genetically fromparents
, p r o c e s s
maletfemalegametesbroughtcloseviapollination
nucleiotgametestosecfertilisation
cellzygote growsbymitosiscelldivisions
new
iiiiii
saints
n haploid
in diploid
regression sexual
asexual prod
gamete
i gametes
mitosis pollination
fertilisation
grotwth
fertilization seed
prod
tote
in thechromosome
changein
mutationrandom
earn
meant
that
innewcharacteristics
resulting beinherited
can
petalswhorlom
f odifiedleaves
corollaattracts
pollinators
cottencoloured
gametesinanimals gametesinmany
plants sepal whorlom
f odifiedleaves ringgitcalyx
combined
a
sperm nucleusinapollengrain bud
calyxprotectsunopened
ovumeggs t ovuminembryosac anthermale grains
prodpollen
organ
Jatamenn
stalk
filamentflexible
stigmastickysurfacetownichpollenadheres
Angiospermreproduction styleslendersectionjoiningstigmatoorary carpet
part
female
whatisanangiosperm ovaryfemaleorganprodovules.caegert
piantsw.flowerswhichproa.theirovules enclosedinovary ovulecontainsfemalegamete.seeytert
cnotnakealikegymnospermcone floral
receptaclesupports parts
grownalmost habitatexceptopenocean
every
purposeof
flowers
whatisaflower flowerscontainreproductiveorgans
theorganot thereproductive
reproduction Itcontains
sexual attract
pollinators
organsctomakegametes and oftenwillattractpollinators
takesplace
fertilization
censure advantageofpollinators
Heim'atiioldite
manyflowersmakemaletfemalegametes selfpollination avoided soplantstaysgeneticallystrong
a grainsprodbyanther
malegameteinsidepollen notwasteful moreprecise
female
gamete ovulesenclosedbyovary
inside
t É
yyf of
fittallsonitsett
ortansonotherflower foeInition
structure
leavesarrangedin4whorls
seriesofmodified µ plant
same
calyxcoftengreen Perianth
preventingselfpollination
corolla often
coloured inbisexual8otheantherststigmasripen
dict.time
t
atmt ns.t
.m
carpeisareanalogousceauivalent
carpets female
whorls
pn stigmapositionedaboveanthers
plantbreedersremoveantherstoprevent
variationsof4 whorlarrangementeinsizecolour shape
relatedtowaypollenistransterred
,pollination
fromanther stigma
transferofpollen SIGNIFICANCE ofseeds
i enablingfertilization reproduction NB plantsproduceostremorecoatpuritytho
happensbeforetert
thus waste
produce products
cross
pollination twoaistplantsinvolved great
pleasure
selfpollination plant
same
Howasexualreproductionledtoimprovedfood
crops
domesticationledto greatphenotypicchanges
fertilization improvedfood
crops
anaploidinicellsmalegamete female
joining gamete
diploidzygote which intoadultmitosis
grows
malegametepollen grain wild thatgrowinthewndnaturewithout
plants plants
c gamete completecentre few asfoodsources
andofhumansvery
cell itsratheranapioianuciers
sperm
gametemoviesurroundedby
female ovary
Techniques
repeatedselection eliminationofplantswithout trait
superior
includedivisiongraftingusing
techniques storageorgans
bulbsetc cuttings
tubers
featureofasexualreproa geneticstabilityw.no
basic
variationinoffspringBut could
Tgif
mutation prodplantw
my
male
gamete newsuperiorcharacteristics
ovule
female
gamete Egacropplantcouldhaveproabiggerseedsfruit ifthey
moreplantswsuperiortrait
wereasexualmeans be
could
microphyte selection eliminationofplantsno
grown wrepeated
traitfoodwouldeventuallyhaveconsisted
superior entirely
ofplantswsuperiortrait inthiswayparticularcrop
would
by
pollinationfollowed fertilization haveasexuallyimproved
seedformed
Afterfertilization agree from
tissues
grafting techniquewhereby plant
one inserted
mitosistaereionsintoembno plantsothersetsjoin
intoanother together
I.IT
cotyledons seedleavesctakefoodfromparentplant
n
shoot
plumule embryonic
oneplantselectedforroots rootstock
chosenforits
other traitsscion
superior
foodthat
x restoforule derintoendospermstore Egrootstockcresistanttopests
surroundsembryo
x
pscion
outerlayeroforvieformsharaarylbrotectivelayer
together
seedcoat
test stock
ovule
matured
seed
applespearsetc still usedinasexualpropagation
grows encloses protects at a ofcertaincommerciallygrownfoodcrops grapesavocadoetc
theseeds
matureovarytseed fruit
functionfruit
in
helpdispersetheseedsfromparent
plant
whileaseedisbeingformedtheovaryalsogrowing
fruit formationdifferentwaysindifferentplants
thisisnow
, Howsexualreproductionimprove thecrops Howgenengineeringbenefitcrop
production
fromsexualreproductiondiffer
plantsoriginating fromparents genetic
engineeringprocessoftakingageneoutofanorganism
andeachother andputtingitintotheDnaofanotherorganism
differences
some that
werebeneficialtraits would
improve plantsamosamcropsorbiotechcrops
resulting
foodcrops traits were largeryieldseedtuberfruit genetransgene
transplanted
size resistant topestsandloraiseasetabletogrowinpoorson prod ofanewvarietywdesireatraitinthiswayisachievedin
breedersselected planted seeds fromsuperiorplantswhile alotlesstimethanconventionalbreeding
frominteriorplants
eliminatingseeds typeofcropproductionall
norealinterspeciesbarriersinthis orgs
withrepeatedselection improvedcropresulted use
same code
genetic
cross pollination e.g. a mildew resistant pea may have been crossed
w/ high- yielding but mildew- susceptible pea, purpose of cross = to
NBissueproteinsproduced bytransgenesareidenticaltothose
introduce mildew resistance without losing high- yield traits, begencodeisuniversalhowever
producedinoriginalspecies
eventually all seed produced from favoured plants would produce signalsneededtoexpress thesegenetic notuniversal
plants w/ desirable traits, these plants: cultivars
- cultivar = a plant or grouping of plants selected for desirable some modifications mustbem ade tosignalthatcontrolgene
characteristics that can be maintained by propagation.
expressionsincetheseare speciesspecificexamplesof amos
- self-pollination e.g. larger maize cob w/ more ‘pips’, to perpetuate
this trait plants grown from this plant’s seeds were self-pollinated and
the next gen plants would have produced seeds w/ this new trait,
repeated breeding by self-pollination eventually leads to all maize Bt maize –
having larger cobs Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium, produces a
protein that kills many insect pests, especially maize earworm
climatechangecoulddropcropyields25 – gene for this protein has been transplanted into most of
USA’s maize crop giving maize crop resistance to that pest.
landforcropprod limited
Roundup Ready soybeans –
thisproblem
tosolve Roundup = brand name for a herbicide called glyphosate – a
use
can
breeders above bacterial gene that gives resistance to this herbicidehas been
methods geneticeng
transplanted to many crops, farmer can then spray fields w/
glyphosate and kill virtually all weeds without harming crop,
about 87% of USA’s soybean crop contains this gene
Toensurefood varieties
securitynew be
must
ryielding
resistanttopestsdiseases traitsarebiotechnologist's
what tryingtoincorporateinto
drought resistant regionallyadaptable foodcropplants
abletousesonnutrientsmoreefficiently a resistanceagainst certaindiseases herbicides
v a increasedtoleratetoinsectpests
benefitbecause
Asexualreprodcould a nutrientcontentenrichment
propagation faster a increasedtoleranceofenvironmentalpressures
allpropagatedplants consistentsuperiorquality a floodtolerance
largequantitiesprodquicklycheaplyeasily a longerstoragelifeofharvestedcrops
graftingtechnique fruittreesgrowauickertomaturity a improvedflavour
micropropogation useofsexualreproductiontoproducenew improved
newidenticalplantsproduced
numerous varietiesoffoodcrops
favoured
overtraditionalmethods hybridcropscrops thatprodbycrosspollinatingtwoinbred
bemasspropagated
commerciallyNBcropplantscan plantsof dissimilargenotypes
overasnortperiodoftime seeds fromcrosspollinatedplantarehybridseeds thus
prod selectingdiseasefree
diseasefreeplantscanbe by prodahybridcrop
cellstculturingtheminsterile
conditions ascrossingresultsingenvariationhybridcropcouldexhibit
x propagationcantakeplaceallyearinaependantof newdesirabletraitsforminganimprovedcropornewvariety
seasonalchanges hybridplantsarenotgenmodified
x maybe used togetherw geneticengineeringtopropagate
transgenic fromgeneticallymodifiedcells
plants
generationofthesamespeciesbyeparent
takesplacebymitosisallorgsgeneticallyidenticaltotheir
reproductionin
floweringplants parents eachother clones
of
reproductionability organismsto
produceanewgeneration
of forthesurvival evolution
themselvesitsimportant ofa stems
speciesbecausereproductionallowsgenestobepassed
down bulbsbigroundstemssurroundedby leaves
special
byindividualsgen.togeneration runnersstolonslongthin stemsgoacrossground
rhizomes undergroundstems
typesofreproductionofplants stemtubers thickenedrhizomes
Asexualone
parentinvolved desert
mainly plants cuttingsdeveloprootsifput
intowater
a
roots
similaritiesasexual sexualreproduction tubersswollenlateralroots
root
producethesamekindoforgs preventextinction suckersdevelopfromrootsintonewplant
resultinfood produced vitaltoworld's tpop
being
leaves
Differencesasexual sexualreproduction newplantscandevelopdirectlyfromleaves
AdvantagesofAsexual
ASEXUAL SEXUAL
1 one needed
parent
2 nospecial
organs
noofparent onecangl Ya'mdeugIspring
two witnagenders
3 produceauicklyibciustmitosissimpleprocess
ipropagatedsimplyquickly cheaply
stagemintsigh
processes one ofcensiaucker
twostages
t 4 nooutsideagentsneeded
s little required
energy
ggmmetation nogametesformed formed
gametes 6 geneticallyidenticalinovariation
a unchangingstableconditions
genetically
genetically offspring
offspring s can
favourablemutations spreadrapidly
Endresult identical'inothatiation differentd9e'd's'Inted ipopcanadaptavidaytoenviro changes
asaneles meiosis
notsnuctied fertilization
a avoidingseeddormancy plantscanbe
propagatedthroughout
theyearindep of
inunchanging inunchanging seasonal
changes
value enviro
stable enviro
stable
well
adaptedindividuals
where
possible IIIefightingangpt
repro
intietonomates
DisadvantagesofAsexual
rateof Slowerin 1 nogeneticvariationbootnomixing
faster p
reproduction
p
gunge
i species adapttoenvirochanges
Energy moreefficient rage lessefficiententered andthusdie
out
input
gameterroatmating
z cantbebredout
geneticweaknesses
needed Pollinatorsteamed passeddowntooffspring
outagdents none
3 overcrowdingcan
occur
adaptability no yes
sexualrepro
possibility
ofevolution gyyyy good it ofnewgenerationbybringingtogether
production thegenetic
of
material parents offspring diff
genetically fromparents
, p r o c e s s
maletfemalegametesbroughtcloseviapollination
nucleiotgametestosecfertilisation
cellzygote growsbymitosiscelldivisions
new
iiiiii
saints
n haploid
in diploid
regression sexual
asexual prod
gamete
i gametes
mitosis pollination
fertilisation
grotwth
fertilization seed
prod
tote
in thechromosome
changein
mutationrandom
earn
meant
that
innewcharacteristics
resulting beinherited
can
petalswhorlom
f odifiedleaves
corollaattracts
pollinators
cottencoloured
gametesinanimals gametesinmany
plants sepal whorlom
f odifiedleaves ringgitcalyx
combined
a
sperm nucleusinapollengrain bud
calyxprotectsunopened
ovumeggs t ovuminembryosac anthermale grains
prodpollen
organ
Jatamenn
stalk
filamentflexible
stigmastickysurfacetownichpollenadheres
Angiospermreproduction styleslendersectionjoiningstigmatoorary carpet
part
female
whatisanangiosperm ovaryfemaleorganprodovules.caegert
piantsw.flowerswhichproa.theirovules enclosedinovary ovulecontainsfemalegamete.seeytert
cnotnakealikegymnospermcone floral
receptaclesupports parts
grownalmost habitatexceptopenocean
every
purposeof
flowers
whatisaflower flowerscontainreproductiveorgans
theorganot thereproductive
reproduction Itcontains
sexual attract
pollinators
organsctomakegametes and oftenwillattractpollinators
takesplace
fertilization
censure advantageofpollinators
Heim'atiioldite
manyflowersmakemaletfemalegametes selfpollination avoided soplantstaysgeneticallystrong
a grainsprodbyanther
malegameteinsidepollen notwasteful moreprecise
female
gamete ovulesenclosedbyovary
inside
t É
yyf of
fittallsonitsett
ortansonotherflower foeInition
structure
leavesarrangedin4whorls
seriesofmodified µ plant
same
calyxcoftengreen Perianth
preventingselfpollination
corolla often
coloured inbisexual8otheantherststigmasripen
dict.time
t
atmt ns.t
.m
carpeisareanalogousceauivalent
carpets female
whorls
pn stigmapositionedaboveanthers
plantbreedersremoveantherstoprevent
variationsof4 whorlarrangementeinsizecolour shape
relatedtowaypollenistransterred
,pollination
fromanther stigma
transferofpollen SIGNIFICANCE ofseeds
i enablingfertilization reproduction NB plantsproduceostremorecoatpuritytho
happensbeforetert
thus waste
produce products
cross
pollination twoaistplantsinvolved great
pleasure
selfpollination plant
same
Howasexualreproductionledtoimprovedfood
crops
domesticationledto greatphenotypicchanges
fertilization improvedfood
crops
anaploidinicellsmalegamete female
joining gamete
diploidzygote which intoadultmitosis
grows
malegametepollen grain wild thatgrowinthewndnaturewithout
plants plants
c gamete completecentre few asfoodsources
andofhumansvery
cell itsratheranapioianuciers
sperm
gametemoviesurroundedby
female ovary
Techniques
repeatedselection eliminationofplantswithout trait
superior
includedivisiongraftingusing
techniques storageorgans
bulbsetc cuttings
tubers
featureofasexualreproa geneticstabilityw.no
basic
variationinoffspringBut could
Tgif
mutation prodplantw
my
male
gamete newsuperiorcharacteristics
ovule
female
gamete Egacropplantcouldhaveproabiggerseedsfruit ifthey
moreplantswsuperiortrait
wereasexualmeans be
could
microphyte selection eliminationofplantsno
grown wrepeated
traitfoodwouldeventuallyhaveconsisted
superior entirely
ofplantswsuperiortrait inthiswayparticularcrop
would
by
pollinationfollowed fertilization haveasexuallyimproved
seedformed
Afterfertilization agree from
tissues
grafting techniquewhereby plant
one inserted
mitosistaereionsintoembno plantsothersetsjoin
intoanother together
I.IT
cotyledons seedleavesctakefoodfromparentplant
n
shoot
plumule embryonic
oneplantselectedforroots rootstock
chosenforits
other traitsscion
superior
foodthat
x restoforule derintoendospermstore Egrootstockcresistanttopests
surroundsembryo
x
pscion
outerlayeroforvieformsharaarylbrotectivelayer
together
seedcoat
test stock
ovule
matured
seed
applespearsetc still usedinasexualpropagation
grows encloses protects at a ofcertaincommerciallygrownfoodcrops grapesavocadoetc
theseeds
matureovarytseed fruit
functionfruit
in
helpdispersetheseedsfromparent
plant
whileaseedisbeingformedtheovaryalsogrowing
fruit formationdifferentwaysindifferentplants
thisisnow
, Howsexualreproductionimprove thecrops Howgenengineeringbenefitcrop
production
fromsexualreproductiondiffer
plantsoriginating fromparents genetic
engineeringprocessoftakingageneoutofanorganism
andeachother andputtingitintotheDnaofanotherorganism
differences
some that
werebeneficialtraits would
improve plantsamosamcropsorbiotechcrops
resulting
foodcrops traits were largeryieldseedtuberfruit genetransgene
transplanted
size resistant topestsandloraiseasetabletogrowinpoorson prod ofanewvarietywdesireatraitinthiswayisachievedin
breedersselected planted seeds fromsuperiorplantswhile alotlesstimethanconventionalbreeding
frominteriorplants
eliminatingseeds typeofcropproductionall
norealinterspeciesbarriersinthis orgs
withrepeatedselection improvedcropresulted use
same code
genetic
cross pollination e.g. a mildew resistant pea may have been crossed
w/ high- yielding but mildew- susceptible pea, purpose of cross = to
NBissueproteinsproduced bytransgenesareidenticaltothose
introduce mildew resistance without losing high- yield traits, begencodeisuniversalhowever
producedinoriginalspecies
eventually all seed produced from favoured plants would produce signalsneededtoexpress thesegenetic notuniversal
plants w/ desirable traits, these plants: cultivars
- cultivar = a plant or grouping of plants selected for desirable some modifications mustbem ade tosignalthatcontrolgene
characteristics that can be maintained by propagation.
expressionsincetheseare speciesspecificexamplesof amos
- self-pollination e.g. larger maize cob w/ more ‘pips’, to perpetuate
this trait plants grown from this plant’s seeds were self-pollinated and
the next gen plants would have produced seeds w/ this new trait,
repeated breeding by self-pollination eventually leads to all maize Bt maize –
having larger cobs Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium, produces a
protein that kills many insect pests, especially maize earworm
climatechangecoulddropcropyields25 – gene for this protein has been transplanted into most of
USA’s maize crop giving maize crop resistance to that pest.
landforcropprod limited
Roundup Ready soybeans –
thisproblem
tosolve Roundup = brand name for a herbicide called glyphosate – a
use
can
breeders above bacterial gene that gives resistance to this herbicidehas been
methods geneticeng
transplanted to many crops, farmer can then spray fields w/
glyphosate and kill virtually all weeds without harming crop,
about 87% of USA’s soybean crop contains this gene
Toensurefood varieties
securitynew be
must
ryielding
resistanttopestsdiseases traitsarebiotechnologist's
what tryingtoincorporateinto
drought resistant regionallyadaptable foodcropplants
abletousesonnutrientsmoreefficiently a resistanceagainst certaindiseases herbicides
v a increasedtoleratetoinsectpests
benefitbecause
Asexualreprodcould a nutrientcontentenrichment
propagation faster a increasedtoleranceofenvironmentalpressures
allpropagatedplants consistentsuperiorquality a floodtolerance
largequantitiesprodquicklycheaplyeasily a longerstoragelifeofharvestedcrops
graftingtechnique fruittreesgrowauickertomaturity a improvedflavour
micropropogation useofsexualreproductiontoproducenew improved
newidenticalplantsproduced
numerous varietiesoffoodcrops
favoured
overtraditionalmethods hybridcropscrops thatprodbycrosspollinatingtwoinbred
bemasspropagated
commerciallyNBcropplantscan plantsof dissimilargenotypes
overasnortperiodoftime seeds fromcrosspollinatedplantarehybridseeds thus
prod selectingdiseasefree
diseasefreeplantscanbe by prodahybridcrop
cellstculturingtheminsterile
conditions ascrossingresultsingenvariationhybridcropcouldexhibit
x propagationcantakeplaceallyearinaependantof newdesirabletraitsforminganimprovedcropornewvariety
seasonalchanges hybridplantsarenotgenmodified
x maybe used togetherw geneticengineeringtopropagate
transgenic fromgeneticallymodifiedcells
plants
