genetics
Basesarefoundationofgeneticcode
howtosynthesiseenzymes proteins
cells
instruct
gI I
purines pyramidines
acids moleculesforlife
nucleic purinesuspyramaines
infothatcontrolscellularactivity
capacitytostore
singarstructure
doublesiguresame
nucleotides
developmentof anentire
organism susanaeannose
controllingsynthesisofproteins ca
adenine
By enzymes thymineit S T nucleotide
controllingallchemprocessesinsidecells avanineca ngmbnise
i theycontrol cc
cytosine p msn.mn
thestructureandfunctioningofliving orgs
doublehelix
2
Iiac.n .outerzstrands
t Crna
t.IE i acid
ribonucleic
formedbychainofalternatingsugar
phosphatelinks
bondsbetweensugar andphosphate strong
RIBONUCLEICACIDDNA
Deoxy rungs pairsofbuseslinkbyweakenedhydrogenbonds
D Mauricewilkins RosalindFranklin baseattachedtosugarmolecules
outstructureofDnabyusingxraycrystallography
worked
D crick Jameswatson
Francis nowthe4pairslinkup
shape sizeofbasesdiffer
analysedx
raydata cavendishinstitute cambridge
anddiscoveredshapeofnacids
model
built
twistedladder zrunners andsugars
madeofphosphates by 2 hydrogenbonds
seriesofrungs
madeofbase
pairs cytosinebondswithguanine by3hydrogenbonds
crick sydneyBrenner
Francis A T or A V or C a
geneticproofthatatripletcodewasusedinreadingDna
geneticmaterialinDna
andtransferringthisinformation
nucleus cytoplasm viarnatowhereproteinmade
sequenceofbasesinDNAformscode bywhichgenetic
prize
1962 Nobelpeace forphysiologymedicines
Watson crick wilkins
wheredoesDnacomefrom o 4nucleotidesarethesameforallanimals
mainlyinnucleuswhereitformspt ofchromosomesthat whatmakesdifference sequencethenucleotidesarein
RNAthistoneproteinsasfoundinanoncell Dna polymer
i
i
Dnamoleculecoiledtofitinsidenucleusammornwaincell nucleotide monomer
whatisextracellularDna
smallaminoacidsofDnaarefoundoutsidethenucleus roleofDna
nowto
instructsthecell
growsurvive replicate
HowisDNAmadeup carryhereditaryinfoineachcellintheformotgenes
doublehelixshape GenessectionofDnawhichcontainsinstructionsformaking
a Dnamoleculeisapolymer Rnamolecules proteingivesaminoacidsequence
zstrandstwist stable 3dimensionaldoublehelix forproteinsynthesis
code
polymer longchainmadeofmonomers nucleotides canreplicatesothatthecopyofgeneticinfoispassed
nucleotides molecules
deoxyribose sugar s toeachdaughtercellduringmitosis
phosphatemolecule P gencode pass
generation hereditaryinfogenes
nitrogenousbases AT a c Dna proteinsynthesis
canreplicate
, RIBONUCLEICACIDRNA
dk Fff4ttntcodeforproteins madeinnucleusbyDna involvedinproteinsynthesis
exons regionsof a Dna
coding
protein molecule structureofRNA
Thichisinterrupted x polymer madeofnucleotides
by
introns arenoncodingregions inbetweenexons x strandissingular
moreprominentincomplexorgs x strandis shorterthanDna differences
formsfunctionalRnamolecule x sugar ribose
x 4nitrogenousbases u uracil replaces t
Replication Adenine Guanine
TheprocessofmakingnewDnamoleculefroman 4 cytosine a uracil
existingDNAmoleculethatsidenticaltooriginalmolecule
occursinnucleusduringinterphase FunctionofRNA
ensuresgeneticcodeis passedontoeachnew o carriesinstructionsfromDnainnucleustoribosomes
cell madebymitosis
daughter necessary incytoplasmofcellwhereitcontrolssynthesisof
fromaminoacids
proteins
Howdoesreplicationtakeplace
similaritiestoDNA
by
processcatalysed enzyme Dnapolymerase
Doublehelixunwinds man it'd 1 bothmadeofpolymers
weakHbondsholdingbasepairstogetherbreak nucleotidesw asugarphosphate nitrogenousbase
nowthezstrandsseperatelunzip 4nitrogenousbases
chainofbases exposed
eachsingle 2 bothresponsibleforproteinsynthesis
Freenucleotidesinnucleoplasmbetweenattachedto
theirmatching exposedbasepartners DNA RNA
sequenceofbasesindaughter Dnaisidenticaltoparents
becauseaonly Handleonly a inDna bases a act a auc
strand doublestrand singlestrand
structure ar u
sugar deoxyribose oxyribose
location nuclear l nuclear
mitochondria cytoplasmic
lifetime long short
process transcription translation
types nuclearDNA mRNA
mtDNA tRNA
rRNA
comparisontable DNAvsRNA
MitochondrialDNA
doublestranded ringshapedmolecule inallmitochondria
comesfrom oocyteceggcell inheritedfrommom
owngenomeof16500basepairs
codesforproteinstRNA rrna
thanchromosomalDna
shorter
genes NBfornormalfunctioningofmitochondriaas
thecodeforenzymesthat
controlcellresp
, whyismtDNAinmitochondria Dnarezips
relationshipw Eukaryotic
mitochondriaenteredsymbiotic mrnamovesthroughnuclearmembranepores carries
cellsthroughendosmosis codetoribosomes
genetic
i mitochondriashaveowncircularDna mtDNA siteofproteinsynthesis
orderinwhichaminoacidsarelinkeddetermineswhat
links
Tracinggenetic typeofproteinismade
onlychromosomesfromspermcellsduringfertilization combineinvariousno's sequences
Allorganellesinresultantzygotecomefromcytoplasm a formtooo'sofdifferentproteins
oftheoocytemom a shortest soaminoacids
mtDNAest adirectmaternalgeneticline D 20amino'sinvolvedinproteinsynthesis
marker siteofmtdnamutation protein polymerofaminoacids monomer
madefromzsetsofmarkers
mtDNAprofile
similarprofiles closelyrelatedorgs
diffprofiles orgsdivergedalongdifferolpaths
matrilineageusedtotrackuncestoryofhumans
mitochondrial eve 1stpointofmatrilineage
mtDNAtesting
codes
compareseaofmtDNAandgenetic
n cambridgereferencesequencesourceofmtDNAfound
inpeoplefromEurope
D mtdnaprofilescanbeusedto
linkedrelationships
reconstructfamilymaternal
investigateforensiccasesw degradedchromosDna roleofmRNA
determineifsiblingshave
samemom ofamino'sdeterminedbyinstructionsfromgenetic
sequence
codeinonaccarriedascodon transcribedtomrna
M
proteinsynthesis codon groupmadeof3bases
typesofRna 64aisterentcodons
rrna ribosomal most makes
common upribosomes orderorconons seauenceofAla Typeofprotein
mrna messenger readscodeonmrnacontrols allexcept3codeforIotzoala's
trna transfer processofpsynthesis exceptions
yaayaa yaa
someAla'sare forbymorethanonecodon
coded
ribosomes
0 0translation mrnamadesameway firstletterofdirtbases
codonwrittenusing
no brareplicates
i tripletcodeofbases basisofgeneticcode
transcription
processinnucleus
Transcription Dnacodes makesrna
geneunwinds pieceofDna
strandsofDnabreak processofribosomes
catalysed byRnapolymerase
H bonds
between b
nucleotide ases mrnabindstoribosomeatstartcodon
2seperatednastrands codonsofrnaactasatemplate whichdetermines
polymerasejoins causesnewnucleotides tojoinastrand theorderinwhichaminoacidsarelinked
templateDnastrandcarries
code
nucleotides
joinupsugarphosphatebackboneadded
newstrandofmRNA
Dnatranscribesitsgeneticcodetomrna
uracilpairswithadenine
uracilbecauseitsDna
completedmrnadetachesfrom Dna
Basesarefoundationofgeneticcode
howtosynthesiseenzymes proteins
cells
instruct
gI I
purines pyramidines
acids moleculesforlife
nucleic purinesuspyramaines
infothatcontrolscellularactivity
capacitytostore
singarstructure
doublesiguresame
nucleotides
developmentof anentire
organism susanaeannose
controllingsynthesisofproteins ca
adenine
By enzymes thymineit S T nucleotide
controllingallchemprocessesinsidecells avanineca ngmbnise
i theycontrol cc
cytosine p msn.mn
thestructureandfunctioningofliving orgs
doublehelix
2
Iiac.n .outerzstrands
t Crna
t.IE i acid
ribonucleic
formedbychainofalternatingsugar
phosphatelinks
bondsbetweensugar andphosphate strong
RIBONUCLEICACIDDNA
Deoxy rungs pairsofbuseslinkbyweakenedhydrogenbonds
D Mauricewilkins RosalindFranklin baseattachedtosugarmolecules
outstructureofDnabyusingxraycrystallography
worked
D crick Jameswatson
Francis nowthe4pairslinkup
shape sizeofbasesdiffer
analysedx
raydata cavendishinstitute cambridge
anddiscoveredshapeofnacids
model
built
twistedladder zrunners andsugars
madeofphosphates by 2 hydrogenbonds
seriesofrungs
madeofbase
pairs cytosinebondswithguanine by3hydrogenbonds
crick sydneyBrenner
Francis A T or A V or C a
geneticproofthatatripletcodewasusedinreadingDna
geneticmaterialinDna
andtransferringthisinformation
nucleus cytoplasm viarnatowhereproteinmade
sequenceofbasesinDNAformscode bywhichgenetic
prize
1962 Nobelpeace forphysiologymedicines
Watson crick wilkins
wheredoesDnacomefrom o 4nucleotidesarethesameforallanimals
mainlyinnucleuswhereitformspt ofchromosomesthat whatmakesdifference sequencethenucleotidesarein
RNAthistoneproteinsasfoundinanoncell Dna polymer
i
i
Dnamoleculecoiledtofitinsidenucleusammornwaincell nucleotide monomer
whatisextracellularDna
smallaminoacidsofDnaarefoundoutsidethenucleus roleofDna
nowto
instructsthecell
growsurvive replicate
HowisDNAmadeup carryhereditaryinfoineachcellintheformotgenes
doublehelixshape GenessectionofDnawhichcontainsinstructionsformaking
a Dnamoleculeisapolymer Rnamolecules proteingivesaminoacidsequence
zstrandstwist stable 3dimensionaldoublehelix forproteinsynthesis
code
polymer longchainmadeofmonomers nucleotides canreplicatesothatthecopyofgeneticinfoispassed
nucleotides molecules
deoxyribose sugar s toeachdaughtercellduringmitosis
phosphatemolecule P gencode pass
generation hereditaryinfogenes
nitrogenousbases AT a c Dna proteinsynthesis
canreplicate
, RIBONUCLEICACIDRNA
dk Fff4ttntcodeforproteins madeinnucleusbyDna involvedinproteinsynthesis
exons regionsof a Dna
coding
protein molecule structureofRNA
Thichisinterrupted x polymer madeofnucleotides
by
introns arenoncodingregions inbetweenexons x strandissingular
moreprominentincomplexorgs x strandis shorterthanDna differences
formsfunctionalRnamolecule x sugar ribose
x 4nitrogenousbases u uracil replaces t
Replication Adenine Guanine
TheprocessofmakingnewDnamoleculefroman 4 cytosine a uracil
existingDNAmoleculethatsidenticaltooriginalmolecule
occursinnucleusduringinterphase FunctionofRNA
ensuresgeneticcodeis passedontoeachnew o carriesinstructionsfromDnainnucleustoribosomes
cell madebymitosis
daughter necessary incytoplasmofcellwhereitcontrolssynthesisof
fromaminoacids
proteins
Howdoesreplicationtakeplace
similaritiestoDNA
by
processcatalysed enzyme Dnapolymerase
Doublehelixunwinds man it'd 1 bothmadeofpolymers
weakHbondsholdingbasepairstogetherbreak nucleotidesw asugarphosphate nitrogenousbase
nowthezstrandsseperatelunzip 4nitrogenousbases
chainofbases exposed
eachsingle 2 bothresponsibleforproteinsynthesis
Freenucleotidesinnucleoplasmbetweenattachedto
theirmatching exposedbasepartners DNA RNA
sequenceofbasesindaughter Dnaisidenticaltoparents
becauseaonly Handleonly a inDna bases a act a auc
strand doublestrand singlestrand
structure ar u
sugar deoxyribose oxyribose
location nuclear l nuclear
mitochondria cytoplasmic
lifetime long short
process transcription translation
types nuclearDNA mRNA
mtDNA tRNA
rRNA
comparisontable DNAvsRNA
MitochondrialDNA
doublestranded ringshapedmolecule inallmitochondria
comesfrom oocyteceggcell inheritedfrommom
owngenomeof16500basepairs
codesforproteinstRNA rrna
thanchromosomalDna
shorter
genes NBfornormalfunctioningofmitochondriaas
thecodeforenzymesthat
controlcellresp
, whyismtDNAinmitochondria Dnarezips
relationshipw Eukaryotic
mitochondriaenteredsymbiotic mrnamovesthroughnuclearmembranepores carries
cellsthroughendosmosis codetoribosomes
genetic
i mitochondriashaveowncircularDna mtDNA siteofproteinsynthesis
orderinwhichaminoacidsarelinkeddetermineswhat
links
Tracinggenetic typeofproteinismade
onlychromosomesfromspermcellsduringfertilization combineinvariousno's sequences
Allorganellesinresultantzygotecomefromcytoplasm a formtooo'sofdifferentproteins
oftheoocytemom a shortest soaminoacids
mtDNAest adirectmaternalgeneticline D 20amino'sinvolvedinproteinsynthesis
marker siteofmtdnamutation protein polymerofaminoacids monomer
madefromzsetsofmarkers
mtDNAprofile
similarprofiles closelyrelatedorgs
diffprofiles orgsdivergedalongdifferolpaths
matrilineageusedtotrackuncestoryofhumans
mitochondrial eve 1stpointofmatrilineage
mtDNAtesting
codes
compareseaofmtDNAandgenetic
n cambridgereferencesequencesourceofmtDNAfound
inpeoplefromEurope
D mtdnaprofilescanbeusedto
linkedrelationships
reconstructfamilymaternal
investigateforensiccasesw degradedchromosDna roleofmRNA
determineifsiblingshave
samemom ofamino'sdeterminedbyinstructionsfromgenetic
sequence
codeinonaccarriedascodon transcribedtomrna
M
proteinsynthesis codon groupmadeof3bases
typesofRna 64aisterentcodons
rrna ribosomal most makes
common upribosomes orderorconons seauenceofAla Typeofprotein
mrna messenger readscodeonmrnacontrols allexcept3codeforIotzoala's
trna transfer processofpsynthesis exceptions
yaayaa yaa
someAla'sare forbymorethanonecodon
coded
ribosomes
0 0translation mrnamadesameway firstletterofdirtbases
codonwrittenusing
no brareplicates
i tripletcodeofbases basisofgeneticcode
transcription
processinnucleus
Transcription Dnacodes makesrna
geneunwinds pieceofDna
strandsofDnabreak processofribosomes
catalysed byRnapolymerase
H bonds
between b
nucleotide ases mrnabindstoribosomeatstartcodon
2seperatednastrands codonsofrnaactasatemplate whichdetermines
polymerasejoins causesnewnucleotides tojoinastrand theorderinwhichaminoacidsarelinked
templateDnastrandcarries
code
nucleotides
joinupsugarphosphatebackboneadded
newstrandofmRNA
Dnatranscribesitsgeneticcodetomrna
uracilpairswithadenine
uracilbecauseitsDna
completedmrnadetachesfrom Dna
