Anorganische
Chemie
Meryt Bulinckx cursus chemie 2020-2021
1
,Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Materie ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Vorming van materie ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
Atomen....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Stof eigenschappen ................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Chemische stoffen ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
Het belang van neutronen en elektronen ............................................................................................................................. 8
Het belang van isotopen .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Het belang van ionen........................................................................................................................................................... 9
Samenvattend ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Atoommodel .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Democritus ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Dalton ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Thompson................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Rutherford ............................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Bohr .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Het orbitaalmodel ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Elektronenconfiguratie ............................................................................................................................................................... 12
Regels voor de verdeling ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Stappenplan ............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Voorbeelden van natuurfenomenen.................................................................................................................................... 14
Valentie elektronen................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Energie toestand ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Periodiek Systeem der Elementen (PSE) ................................................................................................................................ 14
Hoofdgroep elementen.......................................................................................................................................................... 15
Nevengroep elementen .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Lanthaniden en actinide......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Verdeling volgens geleidbaarheid......................................................................................................................................... 16
Eigenschappen ........................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Bindingen...................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Metaalbindingen...................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Ionbindingen ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Naamgeving ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19
2
, Karakteristieken van zouten ............................................................................................................................................. 19
Atoombindingen ..................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Lewisnotatie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Vereenvoudigde structuurformule .................................................................................................................................. 20
De brutoformule ................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Diamant ............................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Opmerkingen ...................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Het elektronenpaar-afstotingsmodel (EPA-model) ..................................................................................................... 21
Polariteit............................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Intermoleculaire krachten (IMK) .................................................................................................................................... 23
Complexatie ............................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Voorbeeld ............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Naamgeving ................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Systemische .................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Oxidatiegetal ................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Brutoformule ............................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Courante ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Triviaal........................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Formules ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
De massa....................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Atomaire massa ........................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Hoeveelheid stof ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Molmassa ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Molair volume (Vm) .................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Wet van Avogadro ............................................................................................................................................................. 27
Dichtheid ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Combinatie dichtheid en aantal mol ............................................................................................................................... 28
Concentratie ................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
Molariteit (M) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Massaconcentratie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Reactievergelijking....................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Reactiesnelheid ............................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Spontane en niet-spontane reacties .......................................................................................................................................... 30
Enthalpie ............................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Exotherme reacties ............................................................................................................................................................ 31
3
, Endotherme reacties.......................................................................................................................................................... 31
Entropie ............................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Gibbsenenergie ................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Chemisch evenwicht ................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Evenwichtsconstante (Kc) ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Evenwichtsreactie........................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Verschuiving van het evenwicht ............................................................................................................................................... 32
Stof hoeveelheid ................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Temperatuur ....................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Druk ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Redoxreacties ............................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Het Galvanisch element ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
Het Daniell-element ............................................................................................................................................................... 34
Oplossingsspanning ............................................................................................................................................................... 35
Zuren en basen ............................................................................................................................................................................ 35
Zuursterkte .......................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Base sterkte ......................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Brönsted zuur en Brönsted base............................................................................................................................................... 37
Zuur-base reactie ......................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Neutralisatie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 39
pH ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
pH-meter ............................................................................................................................................................................. 40
Buffersysteem .............................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Zuur en zuurrest .......................................................................................................................................................................... 41
4
Chemie
Meryt Bulinckx cursus chemie 2020-2021
1
,Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Materie ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Vorming van materie ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
Atomen....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Stof eigenschappen ................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Chemische stoffen ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
Het belang van neutronen en elektronen ............................................................................................................................. 8
Het belang van isotopen .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Het belang van ionen........................................................................................................................................................... 9
Samenvattend ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Atoommodel .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Democritus ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Dalton ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Thompson................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Rutherford ............................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Bohr .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Het orbitaalmodel ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Elektronenconfiguratie ............................................................................................................................................................... 12
Regels voor de verdeling ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Stappenplan ............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Voorbeelden van natuurfenomenen.................................................................................................................................... 14
Valentie elektronen................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Energie toestand ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Periodiek Systeem der Elementen (PSE) ................................................................................................................................ 14
Hoofdgroep elementen.......................................................................................................................................................... 15
Nevengroep elementen .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Lanthaniden en actinide......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Verdeling volgens geleidbaarheid......................................................................................................................................... 16
Eigenschappen ........................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Bindingen...................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Metaalbindingen...................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Ionbindingen ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Naamgeving ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19
2
, Karakteristieken van zouten ............................................................................................................................................. 19
Atoombindingen ..................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Lewisnotatie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Vereenvoudigde structuurformule .................................................................................................................................. 20
De brutoformule ................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Diamant ............................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Opmerkingen ...................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Het elektronenpaar-afstotingsmodel (EPA-model) ..................................................................................................... 21
Polariteit............................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Intermoleculaire krachten (IMK) .................................................................................................................................... 23
Complexatie ............................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Voorbeeld ............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Naamgeving ................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Systemische .................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Oxidatiegetal ................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Brutoformule ............................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Courante ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Triviaal........................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Formules ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
De massa....................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Atomaire massa ........................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Hoeveelheid stof ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Molmassa ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Molair volume (Vm) .................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Wet van Avogadro ............................................................................................................................................................. 27
Dichtheid ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Combinatie dichtheid en aantal mol ............................................................................................................................... 28
Concentratie ................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
Molariteit (M) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Massaconcentratie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Reactievergelijking....................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Reactiesnelheid ............................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Spontane en niet-spontane reacties .......................................................................................................................................... 30
Enthalpie ............................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Exotherme reacties ............................................................................................................................................................ 31
3
, Endotherme reacties.......................................................................................................................................................... 31
Entropie ............................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Gibbsenenergie ................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Chemisch evenwicht ................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Evenwichtsconstante (Kc) ......................................................................................................................................................... 32
Evenwichtsreactie........................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Verschuiving van het evenwicht ............................................................................................................................................... 32
Stof hoeveelheid ................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Temperatuur ....................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Druk ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Redoxreacties ............................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Het Galvanisch element ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
Het Daniell-element ............................................................................................................................................................... 34
Oplossingsspanning ............................................................................................................................................................... 35
Zuren en basen ............................................................................................................................................................................ 35
Zuursterkte .......................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Base sterkte ......................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Brönsted zuur en Brönsted base............................................................................................................................................... 37
Zuur-base reactie ......................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Neutralisatie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 39
pH ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
pH-meter ............................................................................................................................................................................. 40
Buffersysteem .............................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Zuur en zuurrest .......................................................................................................................................................................... 41
4
