Aurélie Weverbergh 3BA PSYCH 2021-2022
VUB
Onderzoeksmethoden en technieken III
Inhoud
1 Kwalitatieve methoden....................................................................................................... 9
1.1 Psychologie en de historisch kwantitatieve basis ........................................................ 9
1.2 Breuklijnen tussen kwantitatief en kwalitatief onderzoek ......................................... 10
1.3 Visie op wetenschap als basis voor polarisering ....................................................... 10
1.4 Visie op kwalitatief onderzoek .................................................................................. 10
1.4.1 Povee & Roberts (2014) ..................................................................................... 10
1.5 Definitie kwalitatief onderzoek ................................................................................. 11
1.5.1 Karakteristieken van kwalitatief onderzoek ....................................................... 12
1.6 Ontluiken van kwalitatief onderzoek in de psychologie ........................................... 14
1.6.1 “Sporen van kwalitatief onderzoek” .................................................................. 16
1.7 Doorbreken van kwantitatief paradigma ................................................................... 18
1.8 Het kwantitatief imperatief ........................................................................................ 19
1.9 Kort historisch overzicht ........................................................................................... 20
2 Kwalitatief interviewen .................................................................................................... 23
2.1 Interview .................................................................................................................... 23
2.2 Kwalitatieve interviews ............................................................................................. 23
2.2.1 Wanneer gebruik je kwalitatieve interviews? .................................................... 23
2.3 Structuur .................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.1 Gestructureerd interview .................................................................................... 23
2.3.2 Semi/ongestructureerd interview........................................................................ 24
2.3.3 Gestructureerd vs. ongestructureerd................................................................... 25
2.3.4 Conversaties vs. kwalitatief interview ............................................................... 26
2.4 Insider of outsider ...................................................................................................... 26
2.5 Interviewer................................................................................................................. 27
2.5.1 Wie interviewt? .................................................................................................. 27
2.5.2 Interview voorbereiden ...................................................................................... 27
2.6 Interviewproces ......................................................................................................... 28
2.6.1 Voor het interview.............................................................................................. 28
2.6.1.1 Research conceptualisation and development ............................................ 28
2.6.1.2 Preparation of the interview guide (interview schedule) ............................ 28
2.6.1.3 Suitability of the sample for in-depth interviewing .................................... 29
2.6.1.4 Interview trialling (piloting) ....................................................................... 29
2.6.1.5 Inter-interview comparison ......................................................................... 30
1
,Aurélie Weverbergh 3BA PSYCH 2021-2022
VUB
2.6.1.6 Communication between interviewers........................................................ 30
2.6.1.7 Sample recruitment and selection ............................................................... 30
2.6.1.8 Participant management .............................................................................. 31
2.6.1.9 The preparation/selection of the interview location.................................... 31
2.6.2 Het interview zelf ............................................................................................... 31
2.6.2.1 Recording the interview .............................................................................. 31
2.6.2.2 Orientation stage of the interview ............................................................... 32
2.6.2.3 What qualitative interviewers ‘do’ when interviewing ............................... 32
2.6.2.4 Bringing the interview to a conclusion ....................................................... 32
2.6.3 Na het interview ................................................................................................. 33
2.6.3.1 Support for the interviewer ......................................................................... 33
2.6.3.2 Data protection and management................................................................ 33
2.6.3.3 Data transcription........................................................................................ 33
2.7 Analyse van interviews.............................................................................................. 33
2.8 Kwaliteit van kwalitatieve interviews ....................................................................... 33
3 Etnografie en participerende observatie ........................................................................... 34
3.1 Etnografie/ participerende observatie ........................................................................ 34
3.1.1 Bijkomende gegevens ........................................................................................ 34
3.2 Ontstaan ..................................................................................................................... 35
3.3 Kenmerken................................................................................................................. 35
3.3.1 Rollen van observator......................................................................................... 35
3.4 Participerende observatie uitvoeren........................................................................... 37
3.4.1 Formulating the research question ..................................................................... 37
3.4.2 Question whether ethnographic/participant observation methods would be
helpful in addressing this question ................................................................................... 37
3.4.3 Define what is to be addressed in the observational work ................................. 38
3.4.4 Define the nature of the researcher’s role in the study ....................................... 38
3.4.5 Entry to the fieldwork location/community ....................................................... 38
3.4.6 Continuing (maintaining) access ........................................................................ 38
3.4.7 Use of key informants ........................................................................................ 39
3.4.8 Field notes/data logging/checking adequacy of field notes ............................... 39
3.4.9 How to sample for the study .............................................................................. 40
3.4.10 When to stop fieldwork ...................................................................................... 40
3.4.11 An exit strategy for disengaging with participants, etc. ..................................... 40
3.5 Analyseren ................................................................................................................. 41
3.6 Wanneer observeren .................................................................................................. 41
3.7 Slotbeschouwingen .................................................................................................... 41
2
,Aurélie Weverbergh 3BA PSYCH 2021-2022
VUB
4 Focusgroepen ................................................................................................................... 42
4.1 Definitie focusgroep .................................................................................................. 42
4.2 Ontstaan ..................................................................................................................... 42
4.3 Kenmerken................................................................................................................. 42
4.3.1 Georganiseerde discussie ................................................................................... 43
4.3.2 Collectieve activiteit ........................................................................................... 43
4.3.3 Sociaal gebeuren ................................................................................................ 43
4.3.4 Interactie............................................................................................................. 43
4.4 Gebruik ...................................................................................................................... 43
4.4.1 Wanneer gebruik je geen focusgroepen ............................................................. 44
4.5 Voordelen .................................................................................................................. 44
4.6 Een focusgroep uitvoeren .......................................................................................... 44
4.6.1 Planning the study .............................................................................................. 45
4.6.2 Optimising the choice of group participants ...................................................... 45
4.6.3 Optimising the group structure ........................................................................... 46
4.6.4 Planning how many focus groups ...................................................................... 47
4.6.5 Planning what questions to ask and when .......................................................... 47
4.6.6 Algemene structuur ............................................................................................ 48
4.7 Rol van de moderator ................................................................................................ 50
4.7.1 Things that the moderator does .......................................................................... 50
4.7.1.1 Vooraf ......................................................................................................... 50
4.7.1.2 Tijdens......................................................................................................... 50
4.8 Analyseren van focusgroepen.................................................................................... 51
4.9 Evalueren van focusgroepen...................................................................................... 51
5 Transcriptie....................................................................................................................... 52
5.1 Situering..................................................................................................................... 52
5.2 Wat is transcriptie? .................................................................................................... 52
5.2.1 Keuzes maken?................................................................................................... 53
5.3 Uitdagingen m.b.t. transcriberen ............................................................................... 53
5.4 Jefferson methode als specifieke vorm ...................................................................... 54
5.5 Hoe transcriberen....................................................................................................... 56
5.5.1 Turning into the recorded interaction................................................................. 56
5.5.2 Rough transcription ............................................................................................ 56
5.6 Slotbeschouwingen .................................................................................................... 56
7 Thematische analyse ........................................................................................................ 57
7.1 Situering..................................................................................................................... 57
7.2 Wat is thematische analyse ........................................................................................ 57
3
, Aurélie Weverbergh 3BA PSYCH 2021-2022
VUB
7.2.1 Thematische analyse .......................................................................................... 57
7.2.2 Sleutelelementen ................................................................................................ 58
7.3 Wanneer gebruik je thematische analyse? ................................................................. 61
7.4 Hoe voer je een thematische analyse uit? .................................................................. 61
7.4.1 Familiarisering met de data ................................................................................ 61
7.4.2 Initiële coderingen.............................................................................................. 62
7.4.3 Thema’s binnen initiële coderingen ................................................................... 63
7.4.4 Review van de thema’s ...................................................................................... 63
7.4.5 Definiëren van themata ...................................................................................... 63
7.4.6 Neerschrijven van het rapport ............................................................................ 63
7.5 Slotbeschouwingen .................................................................................................... 64
8 Grounded theory............................................................................................................... 65
8.1 Situering..................................................................................................................... 65
8.1.1 Grounded theory................................................................................................. 66
8.2 Karakteristieken......................................................................................................... 67
8.2.1 Karakteristiek 1: ................................................................................................. 67
8.2.2 Karakteristiek 2: ................................................................................................. 67
8.2.3 Karakteristiek 3: ................................................................................................. 67
8.2.4 Karakteristiek 4: ................................................................................................. 68
8.2.5 Karakteristiek 5: ................................................................................................. 68
8.2.6 Karakteristiek 6: ................................................................................................. 68
8.2.7 Karakteristiek 8: ................................................................................................. 68
8.3 Ontstaan ..................................................................................................................... 68
8.3.1 1990: divergentie tussen Glaser & Strauss......................................................... 69
8.4 Hoe een analyse op basis van grounded theory uitboeren? ....................................... 70
8.4.1 Developing the research question ...................................................................... 70
8.4.2 Data collection.................................................................................................... 70
8.4.3 Theoretical sampling to test initial ideas ............................................................ 71
8.4.4 Coding ................................................................................................................ 71
8.4.5 Categorisation/category development & monitor for evidence for category
saturation .......................................................................................................................... 72
8.4.6 Checken van de ontwikkelde theorie ................................................................. 72
8.4.7 Test hypotheses in order to develop substantive theory based on present study 73
8.4.8 Collect data in other settings and perform analysis in other settings as a means
of generating formal theory.............................................................................................. 73
8.5 Slotbemerkingen ........................................................................................................ 73
9 Discouranalyse ................................................................................................................. 74
9.1 Situering..................................................................................................................... 74
4
VUB
Onderzoeksmethoden en technieken III
Inhoud
1 Kwalitatieve methoden....................................................................................................... 9
1.1 Psychologie en de historisch kwantitatieve basis ........................................................ 9
1.2 Breuklijnen tussen kwantitatief en kwalitatief onderzoek ......................................... 10
1.3 Visie op wetenschap als basis voor polarisering ....................................................... 10
1.4 Visie op kwalitatief onderzoek .................................................................................. 10
1.4.1 Povee & Roberts (2014) ..................................................................................... 10
1.5 Definitie kwalitatief onderzoek ................................................................................. 11
1.5.1 Karakteristieken van kwalitatief onderzoek ....................................................... 12
1.6 Ontluiken van kwalitatief onderzoek in de psychologie ........................................... 14
1.6.1 “Sporen van kwalitatief onderzoek” .................................................................. 16
1.7 Doorbreken van kwantitatief paradigma ................................................................... 18
1.8 Het kwantitatief imperatief ........................................................................................ 19
1.9 Kort historisch overzicht ........................................................................................... 20
2 Kwalitatief interviewen .................................................................................................... 23
2.1 Interview .................................................................................................................... 23
2.2 Kwalitatieve interviews ............................................................................................. 23
2.2.1 Wanneer gebruik je kwalitatieve interviews? .................................................... 23
2.3 Structuur .................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.1 Gestructureerd interview .................................................................................... 23
2.3.2 Semi/ongestructureerd interview........................................................................ 24
2.3.3 Gestructureerd vs. ongestructureerd................................................................... 25
2.3.4 Conversaties vs. kwalitatief interview ............................................................... 26
2.4 Insider of outsider ...................................................................................................... 26
2.5 Interviewer................................................................................................................. 27
2.5.1 Wie interviewt? .................................................................................................. 27
2.5.2 Interview voorbereiden ...................................................................................... 27
2.6 Interviewproces ......................................................................................................... 28
2.6.1 Voor het interview.............................................................................................. 28
2.6.1.1 Research conceptualisation and development ............................................ 28
2.6.1.2 Preparation of the interview guide (interview schedule) ............................ 28
2.6.1.3 Suitability of the sample for in-depth interviewing .................................... 29
2.6.1.4 Interview trialling (piloting) ....................................................................... 29
2.6.1.5 Inter-interview comparison ......................................................................... 30
1
,Aurélie Weverbergh 3BA PSYCH 2021-2022
VUB
2.6.1.6 Communication between interviewers........................................................ 30
2.6.1.7 Sample recruitment and selection ............................................................... 30
2.6.1.8 Participant management .............................................................................. 31
2.6.1.9 The preparation/selection of the interview location.................................... 31
2.6.2 Het interview zelf ............................................................................................... 31
2.6.2.1 Recording the interview .............................................................................. 31
2.6.2.2 Orientation stage of the interview ............................................................... 32
2.6.2.3 What qualitative interviewers ‘do’ when interviewing ............................... 32
2.6.2.4 Bringing the interview to a conclusion ....................................................... 32
2.6.3 Na het interview ................................................................................................. 33
2.6.3.1 Support for the interviewer ......................................................................... 33
2.6.3.2 Data protection and management................................................................ 33
2.6.3.3 Data transcription........................................................................................ 33
2.7 Analyse van interviews.............................................................................................. 33
2.8 Kwaliteit van kwalitatieve interviews ....................................................................... 33
3 Etnografie en participerende observatie ........................................................................... 34
3.1 Etnografie/ participerende observatie ........................................................................ 34
3.1.1 Bijkomende gegevens ........................................................................................ 34
3.2 Ontstaan ..................................................................................................................... 35
3.3 Kenmerken................................................................................................................. 35
3.3.1 Rollen van observator......................................................................................... 35
3.4 Participerende observatie uitvoeren........................................................................... 37
3.4.1 Formulating the research question ..................................................................... 37
3.4.2 Question whether ethnographic/participant observation methods would be
helpful in addressing this question ................................................................................... 37
3.4.3 Define what is to be addressed in the observational work ................................. 38
3.4.4 Define the nature of the researcher’s role in the study ....................................... 38
3.4.5 Entry to the fieldwork location/community ....................................................... 38
3.4.6 Continuing (maintaining) access ........................................................................ 38
3.4.7 Use of key informants ........................................................................................ 39
3.4.8 Field notes/data logging/checking adequacy of field notes ............................... 39
3.4.9 How to sample for the study .............................................................................. 40
3.4.10 When to stop fieldwork ...................................................................................... 40
3.4.11 An exit strategy for disengaging with participants, etc. ..................................... 40
3.5 Analyseren ................................................................................................................. 41
3.6 Wanneer observeren .................................................................................................. 41
3.7 Slotbeschouwingen .................................................................................................... 41
2
,Aurélie Weverbergh 3BA PSYCH 2021-2022
VUB
4 Focusgroepen ................................................................................................................... 42
4.1 Definitie focusgroep .................................................................................................. 42
4.2 Ontstaan ..................................................................................................................... 42
4.3 Kenmerken................................................................................................................. 42
4.3.1 Georganiseerde discussie ................................................................................... 43
4.3.2 Collectieve activiteit ........................................................................................... 43
4.3.3 Sociaal gebeuren ................................................................................................ 43
4.3.4 Interactie............................................................................................................. 43
4.4 Gebruik ...................................................................................................................... 43
4.4.1 Wanneer gebruik je geen focusgroepen ............................................................. 44
4.5 Voordelen .................................................................................................................. 44
4.6 Een focusgroep uitvoeren .......................................................................................... 44
4.6.1 Planning the study .............................................................................................. 45
4.6.2 Optimising the choice of group participants ...................................................... 45
4.6.3 Optimising the group structure ........................................................................... 46
4.6.4 Planning how many focus groups ...................................................................... 47
4.6.5 Planning what questions to ask and when .......................................................... 47
4.6.6 Algemene structuur ............................................................................................ 48
4.7 Rol van de moderator ................................................................................................ 50
4.7.1 Things that the moderator does .......................................................................... 50
4.7.1.1 Vooraf ......................................................................................................... 50
4.7.1.2 Tijdens......................................................................................................... 50
4.8 Analyseren van focusgroepen.................................................................................... 51
4.9 Evalueren van focusgroepen...................................................................................... 51
5 Transcriptie....................................................................................................................... 52
5.1 Situering..................................................................................................................... 52
5.2 Wat is transcriptie? .................................................................................................... 52
5.2.1 Keuzes maken?................................................................................................... 53
5.3 Uitdagingen m.b.t. transcriberen ............................................................................... 53
5.4 Jefferson methode als specifieke vorm ...................................................................... 54
5.5 Hoe transcriberen....................................................................................................... 56
5.5.1 Turning into the recorded interaction................................................................. 56
5.5.2 Rough transcription ............................................................................................ 56
5.6 Slotbeschouwingen .................................................................................................... 56
7 Thematische analyse ........................................................................................................ 57
7.1 Situering..................................................................................................................... 57
7.2 Wat is thematische analyse ........................................................................................ 57
3
, Aurélie Weverbergh 3BA PSYCH 2021-2022
VUB
7.2.1 Thematische analyse .......................................................................................... 57
7.2.2 Sleutelelementen ................................................................................................ 58
7.3 Wanneer gebruik je thematische analyse? ................................................................. 61
7.4 Hoe voer je een thematische analyse uit? .................................................................. 61
7.4.1 Familiarisering met de data ................................................................................ 61
7.4.2 Initiële coderingen.............................................................................................. 62
7.4.3 Thema’s binnen initiële coderingen ................................................................... 63
7.4.4 Review van de thema’s ...................................................................................... 63
7.4.5 Definiëren van themata ...................................................................................... 63
7.4.6 Neerschrijven van het rapport ............................................................................ 63
7.5 Slotbeschouwingen .................................................................................................... 64
8 Grounded theory............................................................................................................... 65
8.1 Situering..................................................................................................................... 65
8.1.1 Grounded theory................................................................................................. 66
8.2 Karakteristieken......................................................................................................... 67
8.2.1 Karakteristiek 1: ................................................................................................. 67
8.2.2 Karakteristiek 2: ................................................................................................. 67
8.2.3 Karakteristiek 3: ................................................................................................. 67
8.2.4 Karakteristiek 4: ................................................................................................. 68
8.2.5 Karakteristiek 5: ................................................................................................. 68
8.2.6 Karakteristiek 6: ................................................................................................. 68
8.2.7 Karakteristiek 8: ................................................................................................. 68
8.3 Ontstaan ..................................................................................................................... 68
8.3.1 1990: divergentie tussen Glaser & Strauss......................................................... 69
8.4 Hoe een analyse op basis van grounded theory uitboeren? ....................................... 70
8.4.1 Developing the research question ...................................................................... 70
8.4.2 Data collection.................................................................................................... 70
8.4.3 Theoretical sampling to test initial ideas ............................................................ 71
8.4.4 Coding ................................................................................................................ 71
8.4.5 Categorisation/category development & monitor for evidence for category
saturation .......................................................................................................................... 72
8.4.6 Checken van de ontwikkelde theorie ................................................................. 72
8.4.7 Test hypotheses in order to develop substantive theory based on present study 73
8.4.8 Collect data in other settings and perform analysis in other settings as a means
of generating formal theory.............................................................................................. 73
8.5 Slotbemerkingen ........................................................................................................ 73
9 Discouranalyse ................................................................................................................. 74
9.1 Situering..................................................................................................................... 74
4
