Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide
Module 1
1. What is allostasis?
The ability to successfully adapt to changes, orchestrated by the brain, maintains
and reestablishes homeostasis.
2. Understand the difference between sequela and complication
Sequela is a disease or condition which is caused by an earlier disease or problem
while complication is the act or process worsening of a condition or disease process.
3. What happens during the alarm phase of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?
Fight or flight response -- the purpose is to restore balance
4. Remember this is the fight or flight stage. What clinical findings would the patient in the fight
or flight stage present with? (Select All)
Enhanced myocardial contractility
Increased heart rate
Bronchodilation
Elevated blood glucose levels
5. The four components of Pathophysiology (Select all)
Etiology - study of causes
Pathogenesis - development/evolution of disease
Clinical manifestations - signs/syndromes/symptoms
Treatment implications
6. Prevention stages of disease- eg. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
, a) Primary- altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons -like
wearing a face Mask during Covid19
b) Secondary: early detection, screening and management of disease -like getting a
screening mammogram or colonoscopy
c) Tertiary: rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability and restoring effective
functioning- like helping a stroke patient getting physical therapy to get back on
their feet.
7. What compounds (2) does the body release during stress?
Cortisol and catecholamines
8. How is fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments distributed?
osmosis
9. How extracellular fluid become depleted
Dehydration (also sweat, diarrhea, and vomiting)
Burns, Diuretic meds, Kidney failure
10. What is potential and fatal complication of hyponatremia
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
11. Symptoms of dehydration
Symptoms of dehydration are decreased skin turgor, lightheadedness, dizziness,
syncope upon standing, flat neck veins when supine, rapid/thread pulse, confusion,
lethargy, absence of sweat and tears, hard stools, thirst, hypovolemic shock.
12. Cause of edema
Increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
13. What hormones assist with potassium distribution (I discussed 2 main hormones in the
chapter 24 webex lecture)
Aldosterone, insulin, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids
14. Extracellular fluid has higher concentration of which electrolytes (I discussed 2)
Sodium and potassium
15. The energy currency of a cell and role the mitochondrion plays in this currency
The energy currency of a cell is ATP and mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell
Module 1
1. What is allostasis?
The ability to successfully adapt to changes, orchestrated by the brain, maintains
and reestablishes homeostasis.
2. Understand the difference between sequela and complication
Sequela is a disease or condition which is caused by an earlier disease or problem
while complication is the act or process worsening of a condition or disease process.
3. What happens during the alarm phase of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?
Fight or flight response -- the purpose is to restore balance
4. Remember this is the fight or flight stage. What clinical findings would the patient in the fight
or flight stage present with? (Select All)
Enhanced myocardial contractility
Increased heart rate
Bronchodilation
Elevated blood glucose levels
5. The four components of Pathophysiology (Select all)
Etiology - study of causes
Pathogenesis - development/evolution of disease
Clinical manifestations - signs/syndromes/symptoms
Treatment implications
6. Prevention stages of disease- eg. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
, a) Primary- altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons -like
wearing a face Mask during Covid19
b) Secondary: early detection, screening and management of disease -like getting a
screening mammogram or colonoscopy
c) Tertiary: rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability and restoring effective
functioning- like helping a stroke patient getting physical therapy to get back on
their feet.
7. What compounds (2) does the body release during stress?
Cortisol and catecholamines
8. How is fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments distributed?
osmosis
9. How extracellular fluid become depleted
Dehydration (also sweat, diarrhea, and vomiting)
Burns, Diuretic meds, Kidney failure
10. What is potential and fatal complication of hyponatremia
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
11. Symptoms of dehydration
Symptoms of dehydration are decreased skin turgor, lightheadedness, dizziness,
syncope upon standing, flat neck veins when supine, rapid/thread pulse, confusion,
lethargy, absence of sweat and tears, hard stools, thirst, hypovolemic shock.
12. Cause of edema
Increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
13. What hormones assist with potassium distribution (I discussed 2 main hormones in the
chapter 24 webex lecture)
Aldosterone, insulin, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids
14. Extracellular fluid has higher concentration of which electrolytes (I discussed 2)
Sodium and potassium
15. The energy currency of a cell and role the mitochondrion plays in this currency
The energy currency of a cell is ATP and mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell
