Notes Unit 3 AP World - Ana Sofia Miranda
Land-Based Empires
Context:
- Between the years 1450-1750 several of the greatest empires reached their peaks of
wealth and influence. They were multiethnic and controlled land routes.
- The Songhai (West Africa), the Safavids (Persia), the Mughals (Northern India),
the Ottomans (Middle East, Eastern Europe and Northern Africa.)
- Expansion: These countries measured power in land so they frequently warred against
neighbors over territory.
- Example: The Quing Dynasty that tripled the amount of land they controlled in
the 1644.
- Centralization: They consolidated their power to a central government. Bureaucratic
elites enforced laws and military officials provided defense.
- They collected tributes from weaker states and taxes citizens to pay. And
demonstrated their power through palaces, and religious buildings.
- Belief Systems: They were often tied with religious beliefs and they had political and
religious conflicts together.
- Roman Catholics and Protestants fought and millions died. And Shia and Sunni
Muslims were often at war.
- After 1750: In the 18th century these empires began to decline due to the increase of
importance of ethnic identities, ocean trade routes, and economic relationships
undermined the unity and influence of the empires.
3.1 European, East Asian, and Gunpowder, Empires Expand:
Intro:
- Gunpowder originated from China and spread, becoming a powerful source of change.
- The Gunpowder Empires refers to the multiethnic states in Southwest,South and Central
Asia that relied on firearms to conquer territories.
- In addition to Russia in included other 3 that were th Ottoma, Safavid and
Mughal Empires-
, - These societies tended to be militaristic and left splendid art and architectural
legacies that reflected the legitimacy of their rulers.
- Suleiman the Magnificent ruled the Ottoman Empire at its height he led
the army into conquering Christian strongholds. He declared religious
worship the happiest of all practices.
- The Qing Empire in China expanded and even experienced several
invitations; it prospered and had long periods of stability.
- Europe's expansion involved even wider exchange networks like the
transoceanic connections with the Americas.
- Armed trade was common in expanding empires as they traded with each other;
they kept troops ready in case another empire questioned the right to trade.
Europe:
- The year 1450 is the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern period.
- After the slow development of the Middle Ages countries were becoming powerful and
wealthy. New monarchies were launched and overseas colonies were established.
- The nature of monarchies was the desire of power by controlling taxes, the army and
aspects of religion.
- These monarchs included the Tudors (England), the Valois (France) and Queen
Isabella and King Ferdinand (Spain).
- Bureaucracies increased and the power of the middle class grew at the expense of the
lords and churches.
Russia:
- Russia is the mix of Asian and European cultures as in the middle of trade it had mongol
influence while having a capital located in Europe.
- Ivan IV (Ivan the terrible) expanded the Russian border Eastward. He took control of the
descendants of the golden horde, the mongolian conquerors (the khanates)
- Ivan IV allowed the Stroganovs (russian landowners) to hire peasants warriors to
fight local tribes and the Siberian khan.
- These forces were successful and gained control of the Volga River.
- Allowing the direct trade with Persia and the Ottoman Empire.
- After the reign of Ivan IV fur traders and militias defeated indigenous tribes.
, - Missionaries followed, converting many of the Eastern Orthodox faith. By 1639
the Russians were as far East as the Pacific Ocean and their expeditions went
across Alaska to California.
East Asia:
- The Yuan Dynasty founded by Kublai Khan (Mongol invader) in 1271 was overthrown by
the Ming Dynasty in 1368. They stabilized the region for 300 years.
- During the Ming Era, Europeans (portugese) arrived and aimed to encroach on the Asian
trade network.
- In 1644 Manchu (from Manchuria) seized power and established the Qing
Dynasty. Which lasted until 1911.
- The Ming Dynasty expanded the size of China conquering lands in Mongolia and
Central Asia. (But not hold them for long)
- In the 1440s the Mongols defeated Ming forces and took the emperor prisoner.
Their reaction was to look at the Great Wall of China for protection and expand
it to keep out invaders from the North.
- Emperor Kangxi was one of China's longest reigning emperors- (r 1661-1722) over a
period of stability and expansions during the Qing Dynasty.
- He sent forces to Taiwan, Mongolia and Central Asia making them part of the
Empire. And imposing a protectorate over Tibet (still reflected today.)
- Emperor Qianlong (r 1736-1796) he was a poet and wa skhowñegeable in art and
calligraphy.
- At the beginning of his reign the government tax collections were at an all time
high. He initiated military campaigns to the West.
- This led to the annexation of Xinjiang (mass killing of the local
population. The Uighurs (local muslim population) never fully
incorporated to the rest of the culture.
- He also sent armies to Tibet and installed the Dalai Lama on the throne there. (a
campaign against the Napelese) it was successful and they submitted to Chinese
rule.
- They were unsuccessful in Vietnam and Burma. Which resulted in the
emptying of the empire's treasury.
- They had conflicts with the West. They started to sell trade privileges to European
powers. (only to Canton).
Land-Based Empires
Context:
- Between the years 1450-1750 several of the greatest empires reached their peaks of
wealth and influence. They were multiethnic and controlled land routes.
- The Songhai (West Africa), the Safavids (Persia), the Mughals (Northern India),
the Ottomans (Middle East, Eastern Europe and Northern Africa.)
- Expansion: These countries measured power in land so they frequently warred against
neighbors over territory.
- Example: The Quing Dynasty that tripled the amount of land they controlled in
the 1644.
- Centralization: They consolidated their power to a central government. Bureaucratic
elites enforced laws and military officials provided defense.
- They collected tributes from weaker states and taxes citizens to pay. And
demonstrated their power through palaces, and religious buildings.
- Belief Systems: They were often tied with religious beliefs and they had political and
religious conflicts together.
- Roman Catholics and Protestants fought and millions died. And Shia and Sunni
Muslims were often at war.
- After 1750: In the 18th century these empires began to decline due to the increase of
importance of ethnic identities, ocean trade routes, and economic relationships
undermined the unity and influence of the empires.
3.1 European, East Asian, and Gunpowder, Empires Expand:
Intro:
- Gunpowder originated from China and spread, becoming a powerful source of change.
- The Gunpowder Empires refers to the multiethnic states in Southwest,South and Central
Asia that relied on firearms to conquer territories.
- In addition to Russia in included other 3 that were th Ottoma, Safavid and
Mughal Empires-
, - These societies tended to be militaristic and left splendid art and architectural
legacies that reflected the legitimacy of their rulers.
- Suleiman the Magnificent ruled the Ottoman Empire at its height he led
the army into conquering Christian strongholds. He declared religious
worship the happiest of all practices.
- The Qing Empire in China expanded and even experienced several
invitations; it prospered and had long periods of stability.
- Europe's expansion involved even wider exchange networks like the
transoceanic connections with the Americas.
- Armed trade was common in expanding empires as they traded with each other;
they kept troops ready in case another empire questioned the right to trade.
Europe:
- The year 1450 is the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern period.
- After the slow development of the Middle Ages countries were becoming powerful and
wealthy. New monarchies were launched and overseas colonies were established.
- The nature of monarchies was the desire of power by controlling taxes, the army and
aspects of religion.
- These monarchs included the Tudors (England), the Valois (France) and Queen
Isabella and King Ferdinand (Spain).
- Bureaucracies increased and the power of the middle class grew at the expense of the
lords and churches.
Russia:
- Russia is the mix of Asian and European cultures as in the middle of trade it had mongol
influence while having a capital located in Europe.
- Ivan IV (Ivan the terrible) expanded the Russian border Eastward. He took control of the
descendants of the golden horde, the mongolian conquerors (the khanates)
- Ivan IV allowed the Stroganovs (russian landowners) to hire peasants warriors to
fight local tribes and the Siberian khan.
- These forces were successful and gained control of the Volga River.
- Allowing the direct trade with Persia and the Ottoman Empire.
- After the reign of Ivan IV fur traders and militias defeated indigenous tribes.
, - Missionaries followed, converting many of the Eastern Orthodox faith. By 1639
the Russians were as far East as the Pacific Ocean and their expeditions went
across Alaska to California.
East Asia:
- The Yuan Dynasty founded by Kublai Khan (Mongol invader) in 1271 was overthrown by
the Ming Dynasty in 1368. They stabilized the region for 300 years.
- During the Ming Era, Europeans (portugese) arrived and aimed to encroach on the Asian
trade network.
- In 1644 Manchu (from Manchuria) seized power and established the Qing
Dynasty. Which lasted until 1911.
- The Ming Dynasty expanded the size of China conquering lands in Mongolia and
Central Asia. (But not hold them for long)
- In the 1440s the Mongols defeated Ming forces and took the emperor prisoner.
Their reaction was to look at the Great Wall of China for protection and expand
it to keep out invaders from the North.
- Emperor Kangxi was one of China's longest reigning emperors- (r 1661-1722) over a
period of stability and expansions during the Qing Dynasty.
- He sent forces to Taiwan, Mongolia and Central Asia making them part of the
Empire. And imposing a protectorate over Tibet (still reflected today.)
- Emperor Qianlong (r 1736-1796) he was a poet and wa skhowñegeable in art and
calligraphy.
- At the beginning of his reign the government tax collections were at an all time
high. He initiated military campaigns to the West.
- This led to the annexation of Xinjiang (mass killing of the local
population. The Uighurs (local muslim population) never fully
incorporated to the rest of the culture.
- He also sent armies to Tibet and installed the Dalai Lama on the throne there. (a
campaign against the Napelese) it was successful and they submitted to Chinese
rule.
- They were unsuccessful in Vietnam and Burma. Which resulted in the
emptying of the empire's treasury.
- They had conflicts with the West. They started to sell trade privileges to European
powers. (only to Canton).
