IB Psychology Study Guide

IB Psychology Study Guide Includes: ● SAQ essay plans and ideas for for the Biological, Sociocultural, and Cognitive Approaches ● LAQ essay plans for the Cognitive Approach ● LAQ essay plans for the Factors Influencing Diagnosis subtopic in Abnormal Psychology ● LAQ essay plans for the Personal Relationships subtopic in Human Relationships ● Ideas for research methods and ethical considerations questions in above topics Compiled by @ualyelhsa Contents Click on View > Show document outlinefor easy browsing The Biological Approach 3 Explain one technique used to study the brain in relation to behavior. 6 Explain the localization of function in the brain. 7 Explain neuroplasticity. 8 Explain the role of one neurotransmitter in human behavior. 9 Explain the role of one hormone in human behavior. 10 Explain the role of pheromones in human behavior. 11 Explain the role of genes in human behavior. 12 Explain how genetic similarities may play a role in behavior. 13 Explain one evolutionary explanation of one behavior. 14 The Cognitive Approach 15 Explain one model of memory. // Contrast two models of memory. 21 Explain schema theory. // Evaluate schema theory. 23 Explain one theory of thinking and decision making. // Evaluate one theory of thinking and decision making. 25 Explain reconstructive memory. // Evaluate research on reconstructive memory. 27 Explain one cognitive bias. // Discuss research on cognitive biases. 29 Explain how emotion may affect memory. // Evaluate how emotion may affect memory. 31 [HL] Evaluate the influence of digital technology on cognitive processing. 33 [HL] Evaluate the influence of digital technology on the reliability of cognitive processes. 33 [HL] Evaluate the influence of digital technology on emotion and cognition. 35 The Sociocultural Approach 36 Explain social identity theory. 39 Explain social cognitive theory. 40 Explain how stereotypes are formed. 41 Explain the effect of stereotypes on human behavior. 42 Explain one effect of culture on behavior or cognition. 43 Describe one cultural dimension. 43 Explain enculturation. 44 Explain acculturation. 45 Abnormal Psychology: Factors Influencing Diagnosis 46 Discuss the role of sociocultural factors in diagnosis. 49 Discuss the concepts of normality and abnormality. 49 Contrast two classification systems of abnormal psychology. 51 Discuss the role of cognitive factors in diagnosis. 52 Discuss the role of clinical biases in diagnosis. 52 Discuss the validity of diagnosis. 54 Discuss the reliability of diagnosis. 55 [HL] Human Relationships: Personal Relationships 56 Discuss a biological approach to understanding personal relationships. 60 Discuss a cognitive approach to understanding personal relationships. 62 Discuss a sociocultural approach to understanding personal relationships. [social] 63 Discuss a sociocultural approach to understanding personal relationships. [cultural] 64 Discuss the role of communication in relationships. 66 Discuss why relationships change or end. 68 Compiled by Ashley Lau (@ualyelhsa) 2 The Biological Approach Studies:Maguire et al (2000) , Fisher (2005) , Kosfeld et al (2005) , Wedekind et al (1995) , Caspi et al (2003) , Bouchard and McGue (1981) , Milner (1968) Question Research method/ ethical consideration Study Explain the use of one research method in one study of the brain and behavior. Quasi-experiment IV/allocation into groups is done on the basis of pre-existing differences and DV measured; researchers cannot be sure that the groups are equivalent in all other characteristics, cause-effect inferences therefore cannot be made Maguire et al (2000): taxi drivers Found correlation between taxi-driving occupation (IV) and grey matter distribution in the hippocampus (DV): taxi drivers had increased grey matter in the posterior hippocampus vs control group, who had increased grey matter volume in the anterior hippocampus; positive correlation between number of years of taxi-driving experience and grey matter volume in the posterior hippocampus Explain the use of one research method in one study of hormones or pheromones and behavior. Quasi-experiment IV/allocation into groups is done on the basis of pre-existing differences and DV measured; researchers cannot be sure that the groups are equivalent in all other characteristics, cause-effect inferences therefore cannot be made Wedekind et al (1995): sweaty T-shirts Found a positive correlation between MHC dissimilarity (IV) and pleasantness (DV) among women not taking oral contraceptives: women (T=49) not taking oral contraceptives found odor of MHC-dissimilar men more pleasant than that of MHC-similar men Explain the use of one research method in one study of genetics and behavior. Correlational study Two or more variables are measured and the relationship between them is mathematically quantified; since no variable is manipulated by the researcher, cause-effect inferences cannot be made Bouchard and McGue (1981): Minnesota twins Meta-analysis of 111 twin studies found correlation between genetic similarity and IQ similarity Explain one ethical consideration relevant to one study of the brain and behavior. Informed consent Participation in the study must be voluntary and fully informed Milner (1968): HM Lobotomy of the temporal lobe led to HM’s partial retrograde amnesia (inability to recall recent past) and anterograde amnesia (inability to create new memories) for episodic and semantic memories; however, 1) HM could not remember giving consent, 2) he was asked to give consent throughout the experiment even though he may not have understood study proceedings, and 3) consent was given by his mother and later caretakers; be