Unit 12 - Learning aim C: Understand how infectious diseases can be treated and managed

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii KrystaiNakatoiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Uniti12:iDiseasesiandiInfection

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Accessor:iAlmaiPupla

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Date:iMarchi24,i2021.



iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii TreatmentiofiInfectiousiDiseases

Recognisediasiaiconditionithatiareiincitedibyinumerousimicroorganismsisituatediiniouribodie
s,iInfectiousiDiseasesicanibeibroughtiaboutibyiprotistsiandiparasites.iWhileitheyiareipredomi
nantlyiinnocuousiandibeneficial,iunderiparticulariconditionsibringiariseitoimoderateiorisever
eiillnesses.iIdentifiediasiaidisorderithatiaffectsianiindividual’simentalioriphysicaliwell-
beingibyitheiWorldiHealthiOrganisationi(WHO),iaidiseaseifunctionsitoiimpairiorialteritheinorm
alifunctioniofitheihumanibody.

Establishediasiaisubmicroscopiciorganism,iaipathogenioperatesitoiinfectiaihost,isubsequentl
yicausingiillnessiandinegativelyiaffectingitheianatomyiofilivingibeings,iforiinstanceihumans.iT
heimosticommonlyirecognisedimicrobesithatiwillibeidiscussediconsistiofiaibacteriumiandiaipa
rasite.


Tuberculosis
CausedibyiMycobacteriumiTuberculosis,iTBiisiaibacterialiinfectionithatiaffectsitheilun
gsiwhenianiindividualiintakesismallidropletifromitheicoughsiorisneezesiofianiinfectedip
erson.iItiisiveryicontagiousiandimostilikelyitoibeispreadiafteripersistentiexposure.


WhenidiagnosingitheipatientiwithiTuberculosis,imedicaliprofessionalsihaveitoidisting
uishibetweenitwoitypes:


i. ActiveiTuberculosis
Theiperiodibetweeniexposureitoianiinfectionianditheiappearanceiofitheifirstisy
mptomsicanirangeifromitheifirstifewiweeksitoiaiyear.iPeopleiwithiActiveiTBiarei
diagnosediifitheiriimmuneisystemifailsitoifightiagainstiandicontainitheiinfectio
n.iTheibacteriumiwillitravelitoiotheribodyipartsiviaitheibloodistream,iandisympt
omsiwillibeginitoishowithemselves.


ii. LatentiTuberculosis
Ifitheipatient’siimmuneisystemiinhibitsitheispreadiofituberculosisitoitheirestiofi
theibody,iandidoesn’tinotidisplayianyisymptoms,itheiinfectioniisisaiditoibeilate
nt.iHowever,iLatentiTuberculosisicanidevelopiintoiActiveiTuberculosis.i


Symptomsitoibeiawareioficonsistiof:


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, i. Chills
ii. WeightiLoss
iii. LossiofiAppetite
iv. HightiTemperature
v. SwellingiofitheiNeck
vi. TirednessiandiFatigue
vii. Aipersistenticoughiaccompaniediwithiblood/phlegm


Ifileftiuntreated,iTBicanicauseicertainicomplicationsisuchias:


a. Liver/kidneyiProblems
Onceitheibacteriumientersitheibloodistreamiandispreads,iiticaniimpairitheifunc
tionsiofitheseiorgans.i


b. HeartiDisorders
TBicanileaditoitheiinflammationiandiaibuild-
upiofifluidsiinitheitissuesisurroundingitheiheart.iThisiwillireduceitheieffectivene
ssiofitheiheartsipumpiandimayileaditoicardiaciissues.i


c. DamageitoitheiJoints
TBicanicauseiTuberculosisiArthritisiwhichieffectsitheikneesiandihips.


d. Meningitis
Alsoiknowniasitheiswellingiofitheibrainimembranes,iiticanicauseiheadaches.


e. SpinaliPain
Theidiagnosedimayiexperienceipainiinitheiback,iaccompaniediwithistiffness.


Toipreventitheseicomplicationsifromioccurring,iitiisirecommendedithatitheidiagnosed
:
a. Vaccinate
Doctorsiwilliadministeriaivaccine,iBacillusiCalmetteGuerini(BCG)itoichildren,ib
abiesiandiadultsibelowitheiageiofi35.iTheivaccineihelpsibuildiimmunityitoitheib
acterialiinfection.i


b. WeariAiMask
Itiisiimportantithatitheidiagnosediaidiinipreventingitheispreadiofitheidisease,ia
ndithereforeishouldicoveritheirimouth.i


c. StayiatiHome

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, Theidiagnosedishouldiavoidipubliciplacesiandipeopleiiniorderitoipreventichanc
esioficontamination.i


Replication/LifeiCycleiofiTBi(Bacteria)
Throughiaimethodiofiasexualireproductionithatientailsitheidivisioniofiaisingleientityiint
oitwoidaughtericells,ibacteriaiareiableitoimultiplyiviaiaimechanismiknowniasiBinaryiFis
sion.iThisitranspiresisequentiallyias:

i. TheicirculariDNAiandiplasmidsireplicate.

ii. Theicelligrowsiinisizeiandibecomesibigger.i
TheicirculariDNAistandsimoveitoitheioppositei“poles”i(ends)iofitheicell.

iii. Theicytoplasmibeginsitoidivideiandinewicelliwallsibeginitoiform.
CrossiwallsibeginitoiformiarounditheireplicatediDNA.

iv. Theicytoplasmidividesianditwoidaughtericellsiareiformulated.
EachidaughtericellihasiaicopyioficirculariDNA,ibutiaivariableinumberiofiplasmid
s.




iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Figurei1.1i-iAniIllustrationidepictingiReplicationiofiBacteria



Anotheriformiofiasexualireproductionithatienablesibacteriaitoireproduceiisithroughisp
ores,ihoweverithisiprocessiisiquiteidormantiandiuncommon.iKnowniasitheiTemperatu
reiDangeriZonei(TZD),ibacteriaiwillidevelopifasteribetweeni41°Fi(5°C)iandi135°Fi(57°
C)iandiperformibestiwhenitheipHiisineutralianditheiacidiisilow.iBacteriaithatirecreateivi
aisporesiareiusuallyiiniunfavourableiconditions.iiTheisporesiareiinhaledithroughitheire
spiratoryisystem,ienteritheilungs,iandigainifulliaccessitoitheihosticausingidisease.i




iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Figurei1.2-iAniIllustrationidepictingiBacterialiBuddingii
Occurringiinibothimulticellulariandiunicellular,ibacteriaicanialsoimultiplyithroughibud
ding.iAismallibudiwillistartitoiformiinitheiexterioriofitheimicrobe,ibecomeiaidaughterice
lliandiseparateifromitheiparentalicell.iChronologically:


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