Correlational Research
Toepassing van onderzoeksmethoden en statistiek
MEETING 1: Surveys
Different types of data:
- Customer satisfaction
- Political polls
- Governmental statistics
The growth of digital data, groeiende hoeveelheden van deze data.
Correlational data
Data are generated in different ways
- Incidentally
AKA organic
Ready made, de data is er al
Dus niet voor onderzoek
- Purposively
AKA designed (bv, in een survey)
Custom made; designed data
Voor onderzoek
Focus on: survey [meeting 1]
Correlational Data (designed)
We design a study & collect data to:
- Describe the reality
- Study (causal) relationships
- Generalize to the target population, dus iets
zeggen over de populatie (genernaliseren
naar)
- Figuur laat infers zien
Inferential goals:
- Description (beschrijvend)
- Causation (oorzakelijk)
- Prediction (voorspellend)
How to ask? Survey Modes
, - Face-to-face (CAPI) (Computer assisted person interview)
- Mail
- Telephone (CATI) (Computer assisted telephone interview)
- Internet
- Mixed-mode
Differences between the modes
- Degree of interviewer involvement
In person, via de telefoon, of helemaal geen persoon
- Degree of interaction with the respondent
- Degree of privacy
- Channels of communication
Visual
Auditive
- Technology use
Survey modes in comparison
Attribute Face-to-face Mail Telephone Internet
Cost high low moderate low
Response Rate high low high moderate
Researcher high low moderate moderate
control over
interview
Interviewer high low moderate low
effects
Survey Modes in NL
- Population register & over 90% internet use
Telephone Surveys (Random Digit Dialing) not widely used
- Mode mixes
Postal mail with invitations to internet surveys
Telephone component if numbers are known
- Market Researchers use both probability and nonprobability online panels
- Mixed-device surveys
Computer/smartphone
Types of mixed-mode design
- One mode of some respondetns, another mode for others
E.g. online survey with mail component for those without Internet
- One mode for recruitment, another for survey administration
E.g. mail invitation for an online survey
- One mode for data collection, another for reminders, follow-up
E.g. telephone reminders for an online survey
- One mode for main part of the interview, another for some subset of answers (e.g. sensitive items)
E.g. Telephone & Audio Computer Self-Administered (ACASI)
Cross-sectional and panel surveys
- Panel surveys interview respondents over time (content usually the same, but may differ)
- Advantages:
We can assess within-person change & causality
We can disentangle age, period, and cohort effects
- Potential errors:
Attrition (uitval) (drop-out or consecutive wave-nonresponse)
Panel conditioning (AKA learning effects)
Toepassing van onderzoeksmethoden en statistiek
MEETING 1: Surveys
Different types of data:
- Customer satisfaction
- Political polls
- Governmental statistics
The growth of digital data, groeiende hoeveelheden van deze data.
Correlational data
Data are generated in different ways
- Incidentally
AKA organic
Ready made, de data is er al
Dus niet voor onderzoek
- Purposively
AKA designed (bv, in een survey)
Custom made; designed data
Voor onderzoek
Focus on: survey [meeting 1]
Correlational Data (designed)
We design a study & collect data to:
- Describe the reality
- Study (causal) relationships
- Generalize to the target population, dus iets
zeggen over de populatie (genernaliseren
naar)
- Figuur laat infers zien
Inferential goals:
- Description (beschrijvend)
- Causation (oorzakelijk)
- Prediction (voorspellend)
How to ask? Survey Modes
, - Face-to-face (CAPI) (Computer assisted person interview)
- Telephone (CATI) (Computer assisted telephone interview)
- Internet
- Mixed-mode
Differences between the modes
- Degree of interviewer involvement
In person, via de telefoon, of helemaal geen persoon
- Degree of interaction with the respondent
- Degree of privacy
- Channels of communication
Visual
Auditive
- Technology use
Survey modes in comparison
Attribute Face-to-face Mail Telephone Internet
Cost high low moderate low
Response Rate high low high moderate
Researcher high low moderate moderate
control over
interview
Interviewer high low moderate low
effects
Survey Modes in NL
- Population register & over 90% internet use
Telephone Surveys (Random Digit Dialing) not widely used
- Mode mixes
Postal mail with invitations to internet surveys
Telephone component if numbers are known
- Market Researchers use both probability and nonprobability online panels
- Mixed-device surveys
Computer/smartphone
Types of mixed-mode design
- One mode of some respondetns, another mode for others
E.g. online survey with mail component for those without Internet
- One mode for recruitment, another for survey administration
E.g. mail invitation for an online survey
- One mode for data collection, another for reminders, follow-up
E.g. telephone reminders for an online survey
- One mode for main part of the interview, another for some subset of answers (e.g. sensitive items)
E.g. Telephone & Audio Computer Self-Administered (ACASI)
Cross-sectional and panel surveys
- Panel surveys interview respondents over time (content usually the same, but may differ)
- Advantages:
We can assess within-person change & causality
We can disentangle age, period, and cohort effects
- Potential errors:
Attrition (uitval) (drop-out or consecutive wave-nonresponse)
Panel conditioning (AKA learning effects)
