cultural variation in attachment
ao1
varying cultures have child-rearing practices and therefore psychologists have
been interested in how babies vary between cultures in the types of attachment
behaviours they show
cross-cultural studies are conducted and therefore aim to eliminate cultural
bias/ethnocentrism in research
ethnocentrism - inappropriately generalising theories created from one
cultural perspective to all others without taking into account that there may
be cultural differences
culture defined by norms, beliefs, attitudes and values
is subcategorised from one of two cultural structures : individualistic and
collectivist cultures
individualistic culture - generally "western societies" (eg. uk,
usa) where the focus is on the individual and his/her family. it is
cultural variation in attachment 1
, characterised by a freedom of choice (in love, jobs etc) and
personal gain
collectivist culture - generally "eastern cultures" (eg. india,
china, japan) where the focus is on the community/social group.
little choice is available with marriage choice (arranged) and the
common goal is that of the community and the community's need
"emic" and "etic" concepts
etic approach
eg. science (newtons laws)
something that is applicable universally
looks for "rules" in human behaviours which can be applied to all cultures (eg.
murder, rape and theft - every country classifies this as criminal behaviour)
a notion of universal properties of cultures
if we inappropriately generalise a theory to all cultures without taking into account
cultural differences, we have an imposed ethic
emic approach
eg. therapy
something that differs from cultures)
behaviours which are culturally specific
van iJendoorn and kroonenberg (1988)
empirical evidence supports that there is variation between cultures with regards
to attachment types
extended this to look also at variation within the same country (ie within a
culture)
they conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies which had utilised the strange
situation
from 8 different countries (15 of these studies were conducted in usa)
cultural variation in attachment 2
ao1
varying cultures have child-rearing practices and therefore psychologists have
been interested in how babies vary between cultures in the types of attachment
behaviours they show
cross-cultural studies are conducted and therefore aim to eliminate cultural
bias/ethnocentrism in research
ethnocentrism - inappropriately generalising theories created from one
cultural perspective to all others without taking into account that there may
be cultural differences
culture defined by norms, beliefs, attitudes and values
is subcategorised from one of two cultural structures : individualistic and
collectivist cultures
individualistic culture - generally "western societies" (eg. uk,
usa) where the focus is on the individual and his/her family. it is
cultural variation in attachment 1
, characterised by a freedom of choice (in love, jobs etc) and
personal gain
collectivist culture - generally "eastern cultures" (eg. india,
china, japan) where the focus is on the community/social group.
little choice is available with marriage choice (arranged) and the
common goal is that of the community and the community's need
"emic" and "etic" concepts
etic approach
eg. science (newtons laws)
something that is applicable universally
looks for "rules" in human behaviours which can be applied to all cultures (eg.
murder, rape and theft - every country classifies this as criminal behaviour)
a notion of universal properties of cultures
if we inappropriately generalise a theory to all cultures without taking into account
cultural differences, we have an imposed ethic
emic approach
eg. therapy
something that differs from cultures)
behaviours which are culturally specific
van iJendoorn and kroonenberg (1988)
empirical evidence supports that there is variation between cultures with regards
to attachment types
extended this to look also at variation within the same country (ie within a
culture)
they conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies which had utilised the strange
situation
from 8 different countries (15 of these studies were conducted in usa)
cultural variation in attachment 2
