COGNITIVE APPROACH
Psychology concepts for test
List
1. Models of memory
Multi-store memory model, working memory model, recency-primacy effect
2. Schema theory
Bottom-up top-down processing
3. System 1 and 2 processing
Heuristics
4. Reliability of memory
Reconstructive memory, flashbulb memory
Table of Contents
Models of memory.............................................................................................................2
Multi-store memory model...........................................................................................................2
Working memory model...............................................................................................................3
Schema theory...................................................................................................................4
Bottom up and bottom down processing......................................................................................7
Thinking and decision making............................................................................................8
Reliability of memory.......................................................................................................10
Flashbulb memory.......................................................................................................................10
Reconstructive memory..............................................................................................................13
Cognitive biases..........................................................................................................................14
Study guide for each of the topics:...................................................................................16
,Models of memory
Multi-store memory model
The multi-store model is an explanation of memory assumes there are three unitary
(separate) memory stores, and that information is transferred between these stores in a
linear sequence.
Each store is characterized by:
Atkinson and Shiffrin
o Encoding (visual, acoustic,
1968 semantic)
o Duration
o Capacity
Rehearsal
c
Sensory memory Attention Short term memory Retrieval Long term memory
c
Rehearsal loop
Recall
Sensory memory Short term Long term
memory memory
Meaning Real-time Information is lost
memory/memory of through
the present displacement or
decay (distractions
cause
displacement).
Duration 1-3 seconds 0-18 seconds Unlimited
Capacity Large 7 chunks of Unlimited
information
Encoding Visual, auditory – Mainly auditory Mainly semantic
all senses
, GA Miller “The magic number 7”
Glanzer and Cunitz: Serial position effect (1966)
Glanzer and Cunitz showed that when participants are presented with a list of words,
they tend to remember the first few and last few words and are more likely to
forget those in the middle of the list, i.e. the serial position effect.
This supports the existence of separate LTM and STM stores because they observed a
primacy and recency effect.
Words early on in the list were put into long term memory (primacy effect) because the
person has time to rehearse the word, and words from the end went into short term
memory (recency effect).
Working memory model
Working memory is a limited capacity store for retaining information for a brief period
while performing mental operations on that information.
Baddeley and Central
Hitch excecutive
1974
Visuospatial Episodic Phonological
sketchpad buffer loop
Central Visuospatial Episodic buffer Phonological loop
excecutive sketchpad
The central Inner eye deals with Acts as a 'backup' Deals with spoken
executive directs visual and spatial store which (auditory) and
attention and gives information communicates with written material
priority to both long-term
particular activities. Helps us navigate memory and the
ourselves in space components of
Baddeley suggests working memory.
that the central
executive acts more
like a system which
controls attentional
processes rather
than as a memory
store.
Landry and Bartling
(2011)
Psychology concepts for test
List
1. Models of memory
Multi-store memory model, working memory model, recency-primacy effect
2. Schema theory
Bottom-up top-down processing
3. System 1 and 2 processing
Heuristics
4. Reliability of memory
Reconstructive memory, flashbulb memory
Table of Contents
Models of memory.............................................................................................................2
Multi-store memory model...........................................................................................................2
Working memory model...............................................................................................................3
Schema theory...................................................................................................................4
Bottom up and bottom down processing......................................................................................7
Thinking and decision making............................................................................................8
Reliability of memory.......................................................................................................10
Flashbulb memory.......................................................................................................................10
Reconstructive memory..............................................................................................................13
Cognitive biases..........................................................................................................................14
Study guide for each of the topics:...................................................................................16
,Models of memory
Multi-store memory model
The multi-store model is an explanation of memory assumes there are three unitary
(separate) memory stores, and that information is transferred between these stores in a
linear sequence.
Each store is characterized by:
Atkinson and Shiffrin
o Encoding (visual, acoustic,
1968 semantic)
o Duration
o Capacity
Rehearsal
c
Sensory memory Attention Short term memory Retrieval Long term memory
c
Rehearsal loop
Recall
Sensory memory Short term Long term
memory memory
Meaning Real-time Information is lost
memory/memory of through
the present displacement or
decay (distractions
cause
displacement).
Duration 1-3 seconds 0-18 seconds Unlimited
Capacity Large 7 chunks of Unlimited
information
Encoding Visual, auditory – Mainly auditory Mainly semantic
all senses
, GA Miller “The magic number 7”
Glanzer and Cunitz: Serial position effect (1966)
Glanzer and Cunitz showed that when participants are presented with a list of words,
they tend to remember the first few and last few words and are more likely to
forget those in the middle of the list, i.e. the serial position effect.
This supports the existence of separate LTM and STM stores because they observed a
primacy and recency effect.
Words early on in the list were put into long term memory (primacy effect) because the
person has time to rehearse the word, and words from the end went into short term
memory (recency effect).
Working memory model
Working memory is a limited capacity store for retaining information for a brief period
while performing mental operations on that information.
Baddeley and Central
Hitch excecutive
1974
Visuospatial Episodic Phonological
sketchpad buffer loop
Central Visuospatial Episodic buffer Phonological loop
excecutive sketchpad
The central Inner eye deals with Acts as a 'backup' Deals with spoken
executive directs visual and spatial store which (auditory) and
attention and gives information communicates with written material
priority to both long-term
particular activities. Helps us navigate memory and the
ourselves in space components of
Baddeley suggests working memory.
that the central
executive acts more
like a system which
controls attentional
processes rather
than as a memory
store.
Landry and Bartling
(2011)
