NR i222 iHealth iand iWellness iStudy iGuideiExam i1
Nursing iresponds ito ithe ihealth icare ineeds iof isociety, iwhich iare iinfluenced iby ieconomic, isocial iand icultural
ifactors
• American iNursing iAssociation i(ANA) idefinition:
o Nursing iis i“the iprotection, ipromotion, iand ioptimization iof ihealth iand iabilities; iprevention iof
iillness iand iinjury; ialleviation iof isuffering ithrough ithe idiagnosis iand itreatment iof ihuman
iresponse; iand iadvocacy iin ithe icare iof iindividuals, ifamilies, icommunities, iand ipopulations”
• International iCouncil iof iNurses i(ICN) idefinition:
o Nursing i“encompasses iautonomous iand icollaborative icare iof iindividuals iof iall iages, ifamilies,
igroups iand icommunities, isick ior iwell, iand iin iall isettings
o Nursing iincludes ithe ipromotion iof ihealth; iprevention iof iillness; iand ithe icare iof iill, idisables
iand idying ipeople
**Advocacy, ipromotion iof ia isafe ienvironment, iresearch, iparticipation iin ishaping ihealth ipolicy iand iin ipatient
iand ihealth isystems imanagement, iand ithe ieducation iare ikey inursing iroles
Trends iin inursing: ievidence ibase ipractice, inursing ishortage ietc.
Changes iin isociety, isuch ias ihealth icare ireform, ichanging idemographic ipatterns, iincreases iin ithe imedically
iunderserved ipopulation, iand iincreased iconsumerism, iaffect ithe ipractice iof inursing
• Evidence-Based iPractice iintegrates ibest icurrent ievidence iwith iclinical iexpertise iand ipatient/family
ipreferences iand ivalues ifor idelivery iof ioptimal ihealth icare.
o * iDemonstrate iknowledge iof ibasic iscientific imethods
o * iAppreciate istrengths iand iweaknesses iof iscientific ibases ifor ipractice
o * iAppreciate ithe iimportance iof iregularly ireading irelevant ijournals.
• Quality iand iSafety iEducation ifor iNurses i(QSEN) i addresses ithe ichallenge ito iprepare inurses iwith ithe
icompetencies ineeded ito icontinuously iimprove ithe iquality iof icare iin itheir iwork ienvironments
o The iQSEN iinitiative iencompasses ithe icompetencies iof ipatient-centered icare, iteamwork iand
icollaboration, ievidence-based ipractice, iquality iimprovement, isafety, iand iinformatics.
• Impact iof iEmerging iTechnologies
o Computerized iphysician/provider iorder ientry i(CPOE) iis ia icritical ipatient isafety iinitiative
• Genomics: istudy iof iall ithe igenes iin ia iperson iand iinteraction iof ithese igenes iwith ione ianother iand
iwith ithe iperson's i environment.
o allows ihealth icare iproviders ito idetermine ihow igenomic ichanges icontribute ito ipatient
iconditions iand iinfluence itreatment idecisions
▪ For iexample, iwhen ia ifamily imember ihas icolon icancer ibefore ithe iage iof i50, iit iis
likely ithat iother ifamily imembers iare iat irisk ifor ideveloping ithis icancer
• Public iPerception iof iNursing
• Impact iof iNursing ion iPolitics iand iHealth iPolicy
o Professional inursing iorganizations iand istate inursing iboards iemploy ilobbyists ito iurge istate
ilegislatures iand ithe iUS iCongress ito ipass ilegislation ithat iwill iimprove ithe iquality iof ihealth
icare
, Roles iof ithe iNurse
• Advocate: iprotect iyour ipatient’s ihuman iand ilegal irights iand iprovide iassistance iin iasserting ithese
irights iif ithe ineed iarises
o iExample: iYou iprovide iadditional iinformation ito ihelp ia ipatient idecide iwhether ito iaccept ia
itreatment, ior iyou ifind ian iinterpreter ito ihelp ifamily imembers icommunicate itheir iconcerns
• Care imanager
o Coordinates ithe iactivities iof imembers iof ithe inursing istaff iin idelivering inursing icare iand ihas
ipersonnel, ipolicy iand ibudgetary iresponsibility ifor ia ispecific inursing iunit ior iagency
• Deliverer iof iservices
o Delivery iof idirect iservices isuch ias ihealth ieducation, iflu ishots, icounseling iand ihealth
ipromotion
o Visible iand idirect idelivery i= ifoundation iof ipublic iimage iof inursing
• Educator
o Explain iconcepts iand ifacts iabout ihealth, idescribe ithe ireason ifor iroutine icare iactivities,
idemonstrate iprocedures isuch ias iself-care iactivities, ireinforce ilearning ior ipatient ibehavior,
iand ievaluate ithe ipatient’s iprogress iin ilearning
• Healer
o incorporate ithe ispecific iinsight iinto ia icare iplan ithat ihelps ithat iperson idevelop ihis ior iher iown
icapacity ito iheal
• Researcher
o conducts ievidence-based ipractice iand iresearch ito iimprove inursing icare iand ifurther idefine
iand iexpand ithe iscope iof inursing ipractice; ipreferred ieducational irequirement iis ia idoctoral
idegree, iwith iat ileast ia imaster’s idegree iin inursing
Role iof iFlorence iNightingale. iHer iimpact ion iNursing
• Founder iof imodern inursing
• First ipracticing inurse iepidemiologist
• Established isanitary inursing icare iunits i(connected isanitation iwith icholera iand idysentery)
• Began iprofessional ieducation iof inursing
• Known ias i“Lady iwith ithe iLamp”
Significance iof:
• Clara iBarton
o Founder iof iAmerican iRed iCross
o Cared ifor isoldiers ion ithe ibattlefields, icleansing itheir iwounds, imeeting itheir ibasic ineeds iand
icomforting ithem iat ithe iend iof ilife
• Lillian iWald iand iMary iBrewster
o Opened ithe iHenry iStreet iSettlement, ifocusing ion ithe ihealth ineeds iof ithe ipoor
• Mary iAdelaide iNutting
o Become ithe ifirst inursing iprofessor iat iColumbia iTeachers iCollege iin i1901; iwas iinstrumental
iin imoving inursing ieducation iinto iuniversities
• Mary iMahoney
o First iprofessionally ieducated iAfrican iAmerican inurse
o Concerned iwith irelationships ibetween icultures iand iraces; ishe ibrought iforth ian iawareness iof
icultural idiversity iand irespect ifor ian iindividual iregardless iof ibackground irace, icolor ior
ireligion
Nursing iresponds ito ithe ihealth icare ineeds iof isociety, iwhich iare iinfluenced iby ieconomic, isocial iand icultural
ifactors
• American iNursing iAssociation i(ANA) idefinition:
o Nursing iis i“the iprotection, ipromotion, iand ioptimization iof ihealth iand iabilities; iprevention iof
iillness iand iinjury; ialleviation iof isuffering ithrough ithe idiagnosis iand itreatment iof ihuman
iresponse; iand iadvocacy iin ithe icare iof iindividuals, ifamilies, icommunities, iand ipopulations”
• International iCouncil iof iNurses i(ICN) idefinition:
o Nursing i“encompasses iautonomous iand icollaborative icare iof iindividuals iof iall iages, ifamilies,
igroups iand icommunities, isick ior iwell, iand iin iall isettings
o Nursing iincludes ithe ipromotion iof ihealth; iprevention iof iillness; iand ithe icare iof iill, idisables
iand idying ipeople
**Advocacy, ipromotion iof ia isafe ienvironment, iresearch, iparticipation iin ishaping ihealth ipolicy iand iin ipatient
iand ihealth isystems imanagement, iand ithe ieducation iare ikey inursing iroles
Trends iin inursing: ievidence ibase ipractice, inursing ishortage ietc.
Changes iin isociety, isuch ias ihealth icare ireform, ichanging idemographic ipatterns, iincreases iin ithe imedically
iunderserved ipopulation, iand iincreased iconsumerism, iaffect ithe ipractice iof inursing
• Evidence-Based iPractice iintegrates ibest icurrent ievidence iwith iclinical iexpertise iand ipatient/family
ipreferences iand ivalues ifor idelivery iof ioptimal ihealth icare.
o * iDemonstrate iknowledge iof ibasic iscientific imethods
o * iAppreciate istrengths iand iweaknesses iof iscientific ibases ifor ipractice
o * iAppreciate ithe iimportance iof iregularly ireading irelevant ijournals.
• Quality iand iSafety iEducation ifor iNurses i(QSEN) i addresses ithe ichallenge ito iprepare inurses iwith ithe
icompetencies ineeded ito icontinuously iimprove ithe iquality iof icare iin itheir iwork ienvironments
o The iQSEN iinitiative iencompasses ithe icompetencies iof ipatient-centered icare, iteamwork iand
icollaboration, ievidence-based ipractice, iquality iimprovement, isafety, iand iinformatics.
• Impact iof iEmerging iTechnologies
o Computerized iphysician/provider iorder ientry i(CPOE) iis ia icritical ipatient isafety iinitiative
• Genomics: istudy iof iall ithe igenes iin ia iperson iand iinteraction iof ithese igenes iwith ione ianother iand
iwith ithe iperson's i environment.
o allows ihealth icare iproviders ito idetermine ihow igenomic ichanges icontribute ito ipatient
iconditions iand iinfluence itreatment idecisions
▪ For iexample, iwhen ia ifamily imember ihas icolon icancer ibefore ithe iage iof i50, iit iis
likely ithat iother ifamily imembers iare iat irisk ifor ideveloping ithis icancer
• Public iPerception iof iNursing
• Impact iof iNursing ion iPolitics iand iHealth iPolicy
o Professional inursing iorganizations iand istate inursing iboards iemploy ilobbyists ito iurge istate
ilegislatures iand ithe iUS iCongress ito ipass ilegislation ithat iwill iimprove ithe iquality iof ihealth
icare
, Roles iof ithe iNurse
• Advocate: iprotect iyour ipatient’s ihuman iand ilegal irights iand iprovide iassistance iin iasserting ithese
irights iif ithe ineed iarises
o iExample: iYou iprovide iadditional iinformation ito ihelp ia ipatient idecide iwhether ito iaccept ia
itreatment, ior iyou ifind ian iinterpreter ito ihelp ifamily imembers icommunicate itheir iconcerns
• Care imanager
o Coordinates ithe iactivities iof imembers iof ithe inursing istaff iin idelivering inursing icare iand ihas
ipersonnel, ipolicy iand ibudgetary iresponsibility ifor ia ispecific inursing iunit ior iagency
• Deliverer iof iservices
o Delivery iof idirect iservices isuch ias ihealth ieducation, iflu ishots, icounseling iand ihealth
ipromotion
o Visible iand idirect idelivery i= ifoundation iof ipublic iimage iof inursing
• Educator
o Explain iconcepts iand ifacts iabout ihealth, idescribe ithe ireason ifor iroutine icare iactivities,
idemonstrate iprocedures isuch ias iself-care iactivities, ireinforce ilearning ior ipatient ibehavior,
iand ievaluate ithe ipatient’s iprogress iin ilearning
• Healer
o incorporate ithe ispecific iinsight iinto ia icare iplan ithat ihelps ithat iperson idevelop ihis ior iher iown
icapacity ito iheal
• Researcher
o conducts ievidence-based ipractice iand iresearch ito iimprove inursing icare iand ifurther idefine
iand iexpand ithe iscope iof inursing ipractice; ipreferred ieducational irequirement iis ia idoctoral
idegree, iwith iat ileast ia imaster’s idegree iin inursing
Role iof iFlorence iNightingale. iHer iimpact ion iNursing
• Founder iof imodern inursing
• First ipracticing inurse iepidemiologist
• Established isanitary inursing icare iunits i(connected isanitation iwith icholera iand idysentery)
• Began iprofessional ieducation iof inursing
• Known ias i“Lady iwith ithe iLamp”
Significance iof:
• Clara iBarton
o Founder iof iAmerican iRed iCross
o Cared ifor isoldiers ion ithe ibattlefields, icleansing itheir iwounds, imeeting itheir ibasic ineeds iand
icomforting ithem iat ithe iend iof ilife
• Lillian iWald iand iMary iBrewster
o Opened ithe iHenry iStreet iSettlement, ifocusing ion ithe ihealth ineeds iof ithe ipoor
• Mary iAdelaide iNutting
o Become ithe ifirst inursing iprofessor iat iColumbia iTeachers iCollege iin i1901; iwas iinstrumental
iin imoving inursing ieducation iinto iuniversities
• Mary iMahoney
o First iprofessionally ieducated iAfrican iAmerican inurse
o Concerned iwith irelationships ibetween icultures iand iraces; ishe ibrought iforth ian iawareness iof
icultural idiversity iand irespect ifor ian iindividual iregardless iof ibackground irace, icolor ior
ireligion
