In the Name of Allah who is Rahman and Raheem. For Allah, For Islam
Reflexive Pronouns ............................................ 6
Intensive (or Emphatic) Pronouns ..................... 6
English Grammar
Table of Noun ........................................................ 6
Pronoun Table ....................................................... 6
Contents
English Grammar........................................................ 1 Types of adjectives ............................................ 7
Parts of Speech ...................................................... 2 Proper adjectives ............................................... 7
Noun................................................................... 2 Adjective of quality ............................................ 7
Pronoun.............................................................. 2 Adjective of quantity ......................................... 7
Adjectives ........................................................... 2 Numeral adjectives. ........................................... 7
Verb .................................................................... 3 Demonstrative adjectives .................................. 7
Adverbs .............................................................. 3 Distributive adjectives ....................................... 7
Preposition ......................................................... 3 Interrogative adjectives ..................................... 7
Conjunctions ...................................................... 3 Possessive adjectives ......................................... 7
Interjections ....................................................... 3 Kinds of Verbs in English........................................ 7
Classifications of Nouns ......................................... 3 1. ........................................................................ 7
Proper Nouns ..................................................... 3 2. ........................................................................ 7
Common Nouns ................................................. 3 3. ........................................................................ 7
Material.............................................................. 3 4. Stative Verbs:................................................. 8
Compound Nouns .............................................. 3 5. ........................................................................ 8
Countable Nouns................................................ 4 6. ........................................................................ 8
Uncountable Nouns or Mass Nouns .................. 4 7. Phrasal/Prepositional Verbs: ......................... 8
Collective Nouns ................................................ 4 8. Modal Auxiliary Verbs: .................................. 8
Concrete Nouns ................................................. 4 9. Helping Verbs/Auxiliary Verbs: ...................... 8
Abstract Nouns................................................... 4 10. Hypothesis Verbs: ........................................ 9
The Different Types of Pronouns ........................... 4 11. Causative Verbs: .......................................... 9
Demonstrative Pronouns ................................... 4 12. Regular and Irregular Verbs:........................ 9
Indefinite Pronouns ........................................... 4 Types of Adverb ..................................................... 9
Interrogative Pronouns ...................................... 5 PREPOSITIONS: LOCATORS IN TIME AND PLACE
......................................................................... 11
Personal Pronouns ............................................. 5
Prepositions that describe location ................. 11
Possessive Pronouns .......................................... 5
Prepositions of Time ........................................ 11
Relative Pronouns .............................................. 5
Prepositions That Express Time And Place ...... 12
Absolute Possessive Pronouns ........................... 5
Time ................................................................. 12
Reciprocal Pronouns .......................................... 5
1
,Compiled by Muhammad Rashid M Phil Linguistics Scholars. SESE English at GES Punj Koha Multan
Place ................................................................. 12 Sentences: Simple, Compound, and Complex..... 25
Different types of conjunctions: definitions, uses 1. Simple Sentences......................................... 25
and examples ....................................................... 13 2. Compound Sentences .................................. 26
Subordinating Conjunctions ............................. 13 3. Complex Sentences ..................................... 27
Correlative Conjunction ................................... 14 Independent/Dependent Clauses ....................... 29
Conjunctive Adverbs ........................................ 15 Independent clause ......................................... 29
Using Conjunctions .......................................... 15 Dependent clause ................................................ 29
Phrase .................................................................. 16 Conditional Sentences—Rules You Need to Know
Types of Phrases .................................................. 16 ............................................................................. 30
Noun Phrase ..................................................... 17 How to Use Zero Conditional Sentences ......... 30
Prepositional Phrase. ....................................... 17 How to Use First Conditional Sentences ......... 30
Adjective Phrase............................................... 17 How to Use Second Conditional Sentences..... 31
Adverb Phrase .................................................. 17 How to Use Third Conditional Sentences ........ 31
Verb Phrase ...................................................... 18
Gerund Phrase ................................................. 18
Participle Phrase .............................................. 18 Parts of Speech
Absolute Phrase ............................................... 19 Noun----a person, place, thing or an idea.
Clause ................................................................... 19
person boy cat Umer
Types of Subordinate Clause................................ 19
place house Pakistan ocean
Noun Clause ..................................................... 20
Adjective Clause ............................................... 20 thing car desk phone
Adverb Clause .................................................. 21 idea freedom happiness sadness
Phrase and Clause comparison ........................ 21
Pronoun---a word used instead of noun.
Subject: Action Performer ................................... 23
Fatima---she car---it
Verb: ................................................................. 23
Object: .............................................................. 23 A few other pronouns: he, they, I, you, we, them,
who, everyone, anybody, that etc.
Verbals: Gerunds, Infinitives, and Participles ...... 23
Types of Sentences (on the basis of function) ..... 24 Adjectives—describes a noun or pronoun
Declarative sentence........................................ 24 Answer the question, what kind, which one, how
Interrogative sentence ..................................... 24 many and how much.
Imperative sentence ........................................ 24 Articles are a sub category of adjectives and include
Exclamatory sentence ...................................... 25 the following three word, a, an and the.
5. Optative Sentences ...................................... 25 Old car (what kind) that car (which one)
2
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,Compiled by Muhammad Rashid M Phil Linguistics Scholars. SESE English at GES Punj Koha Multan
Two cars (how many) Proper Nouns
Proper nouns are nouns that refer to specific
Verb---action, condition or state of being
entities. Writers of English capitalize proper
Action (things you can do) ----think, run, jump, climb, nouns like Quid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali
eat, grow. Jinnah, Allama Iqbal, The Holy Quran, Lahore,
Linking (or helping) am, is, are, was, were Multan and Saeed to show their distinction
from common nouns.
Adverbs--- describe verbs, adjective and other
adverbs. Common Nouns
Common nouns refer to general, unspecific
Answer the question, how, when, where and to what
categories of entities. Whereas Kashmir is a
extent.
proper noun because it signifies a specific
Many words ending in “ly” are adverbs: quickly, state, the word state itself is a common noun
smoothly, truly. because it can refer to any of Paskistani
A few other adverbs; yesterday, ever, rather, quite, states. Islamia University Bahawalpur refers
earlier. to a particular institution of higher learning,
while the common noun university can refer to
Preposition----- show the relationship between a
any such institution.
noun or pronoun and a word in the sentence.
Material Nouns
Things of the box (things you have done to a box).
Material nouns refer to materials or
Some prepositions: over, under, on, from, of, at,
through, in, next to, against, like.
substances from which things are made.
While cotton is an adjective when used
Conjunctions---connecting words. in cotton dress, cotton is a material noun when
Connect ideas, nouns or sentences. used to describe a crop being grown - The
farm grew cotton.
FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
More Examples: Wheat, rice, sugar, milk and
A few other conjunctions are found at the beginning
sand etc.
of a sentence: however, while, since, because.
Compound Nouns
Interjections---show emotions.
A compound noun contains two or more
Usually the first word (s) and are set off from the rest words which join together to make a single
of the sentence by a comma (,) or exclamation point noun. Compound nouns can be words written
(!) together (closed form) such as softball, class
A few interjections: wow, ha, aha, oh, ouch, alas, fellow and toothpaste, words that are
hurrah. hyphenated (hyphenated form) such as six-
pack and son-in-law, or separate words (open
Classifications of Nouns form) such as post office and upper class that
go together by meaning.
3
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, Compiled by Muhammad Rashid M Phil Linguistics Scholars. SESE English at GES Punj Koha Multan
Countable Nouns Abstract Nouns
The names of the things which can be counted More ethereal, theoretical concepts
are called concrete nouns. Bana use abstract nouns to refer to them. Concepts
like freedom, love, power, and redemption are
Uncountable Nouns or Mass Nouns
all examples of abstract nouns.
The names of the things which are substance
and are measured. They hate us for our freedom. All you need
Substances, liquids, and powders are entities is love. We must fight the power.
that are often signified by mass nouns such In these sentences, the abstract nouns refer to
as wood, sand, water, and flour. Other concepts, ideas, philosophies, and other
examples would be milk, air, furniture, entities that cannot be concretely perceived.
freedom and rice.
Collective Nouns The Different Types of
In general, collective nouns are nouns that Pronouns
refer to a group of something in a specific
manner. Often, collective nouns are used to Demonstrative Pronouns
These pronouns are used to demonstrate (or
refer to groups of animals. Consider the
indicate). This, that, these and those are all
following sentences.
demonstrative pronouns.
Look at the gaggle of geese. There used to
Examples:
be herds of wild buffalo on the prairie.
A bevy of swans is swimming in the pond. This is the one I left in the car.
A colony of ants live in the anthill. (In this example, the speaker could be indicating to a
mobile phone, in which case, the pronoun this
In the above examples herds, family, army, replaces the words mobile phone.)
bunch and colony are collective nouns.
Shall I take those?
Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns are nouns that can be Indefinite Pronouns
Unlike demonstrative pronouns, which point out
touched, smelled, seen, felt, or tasted. table,
specific items, indefinite pronouns are used for non-
Samra sand and salt, and wool are all
specific things. This is the largest group of
examples of concrete nouns. pronouns. All, some, any, several, anyone, nobody,
each, both, few, either, none, one and no one are
Please pass the salt. Your sweater is made
the most common.
of fine wool.
Example:
Concrete nouns can be perceived by at least
one of our senses. Somebody must have seen the driver leave.
(somebody – not a specific person)
4
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Reflexive Pronouns ............................................ 6
Intensive (or Emphatic) Pronouns ..................... 6
English Grammar
Table of Noun ........................................................ 6
Pronoun Table ....................................................... 6
Contents
English Grammar........................................................ 1 Types of adjectives ............................................ 7
Parts of Speech ...................................................... 2 Proper adjectives ............................................... 7
Noun................................................................... 2 Adjective of quality ............................................ 7
Pronoun.............................................................. 2 Adjective of quantity ......................................... 7
Adjectives ........................................................... 2 Numeral adjectives. ........................................... 7
Verb .................................................................... 3 Demonstrative adjectives .................................. 7
Adverbs .............................................................. 3 Distributive adjectives ....................................... 7
Preposition ......................................................... 3 Interrogative adjectives ..................................... 7
Conjunctions ...................................................... 3 Possessive adjectives ......................................... 7
Interjections ....................................................... 3 Kinds of Verbs in English........................................ 7
Classifications of Nouns ......................................... 3 1. ........................................................................ 7
Proper Nouns ..................................................... 3 2. ........................................................................ 7
Common Nouns ................................................. 3 3. ........................................................................ 7
Material.............................................................. 3 4. Stative Verbs:................................................. 8
Compound Nouns .............................................. 3 5. ........................................................................ 8
Countable Nouns................................................ 4 6. ........................................................................ 8
Uncountable Nouns or Mass Nouns .................. 4 7. Phrasal/Prepositional Verbs: ......................... 8
Collective Nouns ................................................ 4 8. Modal Auxiliary Verbs: .................................. 8
Concrete Nouns ................................................. 4 9. Helping Verbs/Auxiliary Verbs: ...................... 8
Abstract Nouns................................................... 4 10. Hypothesis Verbs: ........................................ 9
The Different Types of Pronouns ........................... 4 11. Causative Verbs: .......................................... 9
Demonstrative Pronouns ................................... 4 12. Regular and Irregular Verbs:........................ 9
Indefinite Pronouns ........................................... 4 Types of Adverb ..................................................... 9
Interrogative Pronouns ...................................... 5 PREPOSITIONS: LOCATORS IN TIME AND PLACE
......................................................................... 11
Personal Pronouns ............................................. 5
Prepositions that describe location ................. 11
Possessive Pronouns .......................................... 5
Prepositions of Time ........................................ 11
Relative Pronouns .............................................. 5
Prepositions That Express Time And Place ...... 12
Absolute Possessive Pronouns ........................... 5
Time ................................................................. 12
Reciprocal Pronouns .......................................... 5
1
,Compiled by Muhammad Rashid M Phil Linguistics Scholars. SESE English at GES Punj Koha Multan
Place ................................................................. 12 Sentences: Simple, Compound, and Complex..... 25
Different types of conjunctions: definitions, uses 1. Simple Sentences......................................... 25
and examples ....................................................... 13 2. Compound Sentences .................................. 26
Subordinating Conjunctions ............................. 13 3. Complex Sentences ..................................... 27
Correlative Conjunction ................................... 14 Independent/Dependent Clauses ....................... 29
Conjunctive Adverbs ........................................ 15 Independent clause ......................................... 29
Using Conjunctions .......................................... 15 Dependent clause ................................................ 29
Phrase .................................................................. 16 Conditional Sentences—Rules You Need to Know
Types of Phrases .................................................. 16 ............................................................................. 30
Noun Phrase ..................................................... 17 How to Use Zero Conditional Sentences ......... 30
Prepositional Phrase. ....................................... 17 How to Use First Conditional Sentences ......... 30
Adjective Phrase............................................... 17 How to Use Second Conditional Sentences..... 31
Adverb Phrase .................................................. 17 How to Use Third Conditional Sentences ........ 31
Verb Phrase ...................................................... 18
Gerund Phrase ................................................. 18
Participle Phrase .............................................. 18 Parts of Speech
Absolute Phrase ............................................... 19 Noun----a person, place, thing or an idea.
Clause ................................................................... 19
person boy cat Umer
Types of Subordinate Clause................................ 19
place house Pakistan ocean
Noun Clause ..................................................... 20
Adjective Clause ............................................... 20 thing car desk phone
Adverb Clause .................................................. 21 idea freedom happiness sadness
Phrase and Clause comparison ........................ 21
Pronoun---a word used instead of noun.
Subject: Action Performer ................................... 23
Fatima---she car---it
Verb: ................................................................. 23
Object: .............................................................. 23 A few other pronouns: he, they, I, you, we, them,
who, everyone, anybody, that etc.
Verbals: Gerunds, Infinitives, and Participles ...... 23
Types of Sentences (on the basis of function) ..... 24 Adjectives—describes a noun or pronoun
Declarative sentence........................................ 24 Answer the question, what kind, which one, how
Interrogative sentence ..................................... 24 many and how much.
Imperative sentence ........................................ 24 Articles are a sub category of adjectives and include
Exclamatory sentence ...................................... 25 the following three word, a, an and the.
5. Optative Sentences ...................................... 25 Old car (what kind) that car (which one)
2
03000797699—03336068494(Whattsapp)
,Compiled by Muhammad Rashid M Phil Linguistics Scholars. SESE English at GES Punj Koha Multan
Two cars (how many) Proper Nouns
Proper nouns are nouns that refer to specific
Verb---action, condition or state of being
entities. Writers of English capitalize proper
Action (things you can do) ----think, run, jump, climb, nouns like Quid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali
eat, grow. Jinnah, Allama Iqbal, The Holy Quran, Lahore,
Linking (or helping) am, is, are, was, were Multan and Saeed to show their distinction
from common nouns.
Adverbs--- describe verbs, adjective and other
adverbs. Common Nouns
Common nouns refer to general, unspecific
Answer the question, how, when, where and to what
categories of entities. Whereas Kashmir is a
extent.
proper noun because it signifies a specific
Many words ending in “ly” are adverbs: quickly, state, the word state itself is a common noun
smoothly, truly. because it can refer to any of Paskistani
A few other adverbs; yesterday, ever, rather, quite, states. Islamia University Bahawalpur refers
earlier. to a particular institution of higher learning,
while the common noun university can refer to
Preposition----- show the relationship between a
any such institution.
noun or pronoun and a word in the sentence.
Material Nouns
Things of the box (things you have done to a box).
Material nouns refer to materials or
Some prepositions: over, under, on, from, of, at,
through, in, next to, against, like.
substances from which things are made.
While cotton is an adjective when used
Conjunctions---connecting words. in cotton dress, cotton is a material noun when
Connect ideas, nouns or sentences. used to describe a crop being grown - The
farm grew cotton.
FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
More Examples: Wheat, rice, sugar, milk and
A few other conjunctions are found at the beginning
sand etc.
of a sentence: however, while, since, because.
Compound Nouns
Interjections---show emotions.
A compound noun contains two or more
Usually the first word (s) and are set off from the rest words which join together to make a single
of the sentence by a comma (,) or exclamation point noun. Compound nouns can be words written
(!) together (closed form) such as softball, class
A few interjections: wow, ha, aha, oh, ouch, alas, fellow and toothpaste, words that are
hurrah. hyphenated (hyphenated form) such as six-
pack and son-in-law, or separate words (open
Classifications of Nouns form) such as post office and upper class that
go together by meaning.
3
03000797699—03336068494(Whattsapp)
, Compiled by Muhammad Rashid M Phil Linguistics Scholars. SESE English at GES Punj Koha Multan
Countable Nouns Abstract Nouns
The names of the things which can be counted More ethereal, theoretical concepts
are called concrete nouns. Bana use abstract nouns to refer to them. Concepts
like freedom, love, power, and redemption are
Uncountable Nouns or Mass Nouns
all examples of abstract nouns.
The names of the things which are substance
and are measured. They hate us for our freedom. All you need
Substances, liquids, and powders are entities is love. We must fight the power.
that are often signified by mass nouns such In these sentences, the abstract nouns refer to
as wood, sand, water, and flour. Other concepts, ideas, philosophies, and other
examples would be milk, air, furniture, entities that cannot be concretely perceived.
freedom and rice.
Collective Nouns The Different Types of
In general, collective nouns are nouns that Pronouns
refer to a group of something in a specific
manner. Often, collective nouns are used to Demonstrative Pronouns
These pronouns are used to demonstrate (or
refer to groups of animals. Consider the
indicate). This, that, these and those are all
following sentences.
demonstrative pronouns.
Look at the gaggle of geese. There used to
Examples:
be herds of wild buffalo on the prairie.
A bevy of swans is swimming in the pond. This is the one I left in the car.
A colony of ants live in the anthill. (In this example, the speaker could be indicating to a
mobile phone, in which case, the pronoun this
In the above examples herds, family, army, replaces the words mobile phone.)
bunch and colony are collective nouns.
Shall I take those?
Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns are nouns that can be Indefinite Pronouns
Unlike demonstrative pronouns, which point out
touched, smelled, seen, felt, or tasted. table,
specific items, indefinite pronouns are used for non-
Samra sand and salt, and wool are all
specific things. This is the largest group of
examples of concrete nouns. pronouns. All, some, any, several, anyone, nobody,
each, both, few, either, none, one and no one are
Please pass the salt. Your sweater is made
the most common.
of fine wool.
Example:
Concrete nouns can be perceived by at least
one of our senses. Somebody must have seen the driver leave.
(somebody – not a specific person)
4
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