Nursing 101 HESI Saunders Fluid and Electrolytes- Nicholls State University

Signs and symptoms of fluid-volume deficit  Increased temperature  Thready, rapid pulse  Decreased blood pressure and postural hypotension  Increased rate and depth of respirations  Dryness, poor turgor, and tenting of skin  Thirst  Decreased urine output with increased specific gravity  Diminished peripheral pulses  Flat neck and hand veins  Altered level of consciousness  Decreased central venous pressure Signs and symptoms of fluid-volume excess  Bounding, rapid pulse  Increased blood pressure  Increased respiratory rate (shallow)  Dyspnea  Moist crackles  Pitting edema  Ascites  Distended veins  Altered LOC  Increased central venous pressure Causes of sodium imbalance Hyponatremia  Inadequate sodium intake  Vomiting or diarrhea  Excessive diaphoresis  Use of diuretics  Gastrointestinal suctioning