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Discovery of DNA + RNA Molucles :
¥. %¥-:÷•→ %
•
Structure was discovered by Watson + Crick in 1953
•
They won the Nobel Prize for their work ☐::•IggG⑨tz@
In 1953 Rosalind Frank helped didn't get Prize
Bo←-sfg
•
discover , but died and a nobel
structure of DNA :
Contains ---o←
•
instructions for making proteins from 20 different amino acids
Appears as chromatin when the cell is not dividing
•
•
☐ eo.n.mu#..............n...........n...........m...no...n...
•
Makes up chromosomes in the nucleus
-o--o
Subunits DNA called nucleotides
•
of
•
Nucleotides contains a
phosphate a
Deoxyribose sugar , 1 nitrogen base CAT Cor G)
ez.y-g-s-gefpbh%FF%af.ee
, ,
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ( DNA)
µ÷¥.
sugar .
base pairs phosphate
backbone
s carbon sugar - d "" "" "
p ••
A : ::::: T •
A phosphate group
g
, Hydrogen
t••*•A nitrogen base
s
N bas
- bonds
"
5 0 ••••
o : : : : : : cq*
s¥••
,
,
Nucleotide •••• T : ::::: A
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,
,
•H
A : ::::: , •
Base Pairing Purine bonds to
••
means a a
s
C
• • • • • .
a Pyrimidine
••••y
* *
syy••
Base pair
g •
Example A : - - T
-
and C - - -
G
single nucleotide
•• G : : : : : :c
, s
BEGGAR S
Nucleotide
¢••
structure DNA :
Steps Containing bases held together by weak hydrogen bonds
•
or
rungs
of DNA made of 4 Nitrogen -
•
Purines (double carbon -
nitrogen rings) include adenine (A) and guanine (G)
•
Pyrimidines (single carbon -
nitrogen rings) includes thymine G) and cytosine (c)
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•
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,
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••
• -
.
QQ
Weak H bond
, DNA Replication :
Occurs two of original DNA if
•
during Interphase -
makes exact copies the .
not ,
a mutation occurs
1. The double helix unwinds and flattens out
2. An enzyme .
DNA helicase unzips the strand ,
at the weak hydrogen bond this exposes the
Nitrogen bases
3. Free nucleotides in the nucleus bond to the expose bases ,
following the base
pair ruling
-
G -
C and A T Another enzyme DNA
-
.
,
polymerase will be responsible
for recapping the strands
4. The base pairing continues until the entire strand has their complement Whfrf IS DNA FOUND 8
5. Now there are two identical strand of DNA
•
Found in nucleus + cytoplasm
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• B →• +qG→•.pro
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ribose
•
sugar
Contains the Nitrogen base uracil (v)
•
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good qG@
µqGB% µq☒q%
instead of thymine with U
so a
pairs
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q• %•M%§
Base pairings are A- U and C G
q• %•q%§ •%•
•
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•
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1-124
linkages
✗
y × y Xy X y y y1 od y , Phosphate
⇐ pg .
group
Mtѥ
DNA only DNA & RNA RNA only ¥9s
0 MHz 0 Ntlz 0
" Acts
g§§g§
Hsc 't' H •
between DNA
Messager
YÉo
as
to
- a
N
II and ribosomes and carries out protein
y to +.
↳ Synthesis
Thyptnine
H
Adenine Guanine
cytosine uracil •
DNA is too
large to
get out of the
nucleus RNA to it's
Uses bring
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.
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message
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- -
Protein synthesis
-
'
oh
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Phosphate OH OH
2-
Deoxyribose Ribose
3. Life at Molecular ,
Cellular and tissue level → DNA .
the code to life Two nucleic Acids are :
1. Deoxy ribonucleic Acid ( DNA)
"
2nudeiAidRNA
" "
Molecules
"
W of life
Nucleic acids called or Most extraordinary molecules on Earth
Control
•
Cellular Activity
Development
•
of organisms
" "
↳
Done by Controlling the synthesis of Proteins
first step making Proteins
•
"
"
W Proteins make up structures , ENZYMES
much are proteins
Controlling Chemical Processes
•
inside cell
↳ Thus , control structure + Functioning of all Living organisms
?⃝
,MqgJYF•. •% q .g %•mB•Tk DNA
war
q .pewww.T.mgak
BOB qq.rq-qqqqq.A-F.a.ee code of life µ•a•a qµgµ
qqgGar-Ha.z.tBweok@gza.m
mham qq.kz#
Proteins
F
Controlling synthesis of
Enzymes
'
f o
control
making up chemical
structure of processes inside
body cells
to stores info that controls cellular activity t development of
entire
organisms
W Controls structures 1-
functioning
of
living organisms
•
Genetic replication
DNA Replication Base Pairing : A = T
C =
6
*
¥y••
If 2 strands separate
B-•
yq each would serve
• = Adenine
as
BBB * LG HB HB B. • mg
a template for a
• •
• =
Thymine
• •
MMB
•
Cytosine
•G
=
Mr
Mqgzq
80
, complementary new chain
Guanine
Replicate)
•
B- GB (ie each strand could
•
.
z•
Francis Crick
Sydney Brenner
1-
•
Triplet code was used in reading genetic material in DNA 1- transferring info from Nucleus
to RNA to
cytoplasm via where Proteins are made
•
In DNA ,
form is function : Double -
stranded molecule could both Produce exact copies of itself
( replicate) 1- Carry genetic instructions
ie
Sequence bases form info be stored and
.
of in DNA a code
by which genetic can
transmitted
where is DNA found ?
•
mainly in the Nucleus of the cell
•
Forms Part of the Chromosomes that make up the
chromatine network
-
Chromatin =
Chromosomal material made up of DNA tRNA
1- histone Proteins found cell
as in a non
dividing
-
•
DNA molecule is coiled so that these long structures
can fit inside the nucleus
•
I 2
metres DNA in a cell
;#hw•q•↳*•gg•mH•.BE
Module 3 q .a.pq gqq..tk?.*q-*.Bq-ooqaq.Ha••.Bqgpqq.
wook
r.BR.n.B.wakia.EF.BGmodule
a.oo.am
µµ•q.µ•q%qYYgYqµAg 3
-
%aa.aa.MBdkm-aq.ca.¥ •gaoqµ
←Boaso--¥s÷q
¥:qÉg%••
Discovery of DNA + RNA Molucles :
¥. %¥-:÷•→ %
•
Structure was discovered by Watson + Crick in 1953
•
They won the Nobel Prize for their work ☐::•IggG⑨tz@
In 1953 Rosalind Frank helped didn't get Prize
Bo←-sfg
•
discover , but died and a nobel
structure of DNA :
Contains ---o←
•
instructions for making proteins from 20 different amino acids
Appears as chromatin when the cell is not dividing
•
•
☐ eo.n.mu#..............n...........n...........m...no...n...
•
Makes up chromosomes in the nucleus
-o--o
Subunits DNA called nucleotides
•
of
•
Nucleotides contains a
phosphate a
Deoxyribose sugar , 1 nitrogen base CAT Cor G)
ez.y-g-s-gefpbh%FF%af.ee
, ,
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ( DNA)
µ÷¥.
sugar .
base pairs phosphate
backbone
s carbon sugar - d "" "" "
p ••
A : ::::: T •
A phosphate group
g
, Hydrogen
t••*•A nitrogen base
s
N bas
- bonds
"
5 0 ••••
o : : : : : : cq*
s¥••
,
,
Nucleotide •••• T : ::::: A
/-⑥•:&
%••
,
,
•H
A : ::::: , •
Base Pairing Purine bonds to
••
means a a
s
C
• • • • • .
a Pyrimidine
••••y
* *
syy••
Base pair
g •
Example A : - - T
-
and C - - -
G
single nucleotide
•• G : : : : : :c
, s
BEGGAR S
Nucleotide
¢••
structure DNA :
Steps Containing bases held together by weak hydrogen bonds
•
or
rungs
of DNA made of 4 Nitrogen -
•
Purines (double carbon -
nitrogen rings) include adenine (A) and guanine (G)
•
Pyrimidines (single carbon -
nitrogen rings) includes thymine G) and cytosine (c)
f•z
Moose
ÑB•a•
oTge-__@_-oE_gf__
←-8-0--0--806
bat
µfµµzÉB Nitrogen base
Hhagqg-•BE%Boo-Fqogoñ
e•-•→*•%ga§
•
•
-8
covalent bond Bea soooooo
,
Phosphate group
g. Carbon sugar -00dB
€%qgqg-*-Ha&B_§-qq→qq•→BBte↳kB
••
• -
.
Weak H bond
, DNA Replication :
Occurs two of original DNA if
•
during Interphase -
makes exact copies the .
not ,
a mutation occurs
1. The double helix unwinds and flattens out
2. An enzyme .
DNA helicase unzips the strand ,
at the weak hydrogen bond this exposes the
Nitrogen bases
3. Free nucleotides in the nucleus bond to the expose bases ,
following the base
pair ruling
-
G -
C and A T Another enzyme DNA
-
.
,
polymerase will be responsible
for recapping the strands
4. The base pairing continues until the entire strand has their complement Whfrf IS DNA FOUND 8
5. Now there are two identical strand of DNA
•
Found in nucleus + cytoplasm
YMG%• ↳gf%• yµq%•
- • @ ! )qq.Ñ!ÉR--B-Bdi
• B →• +qG→•.pro
Hgq%•
4G 4444
Contains
4G 4G
ribose
•
sugar
Contains the Nitrogen base uracil (v)
•
Book Book good
HOBBY ☒qGB%
good qG@
µqGB% µq☒q%
instead of thymine with U
so a
pairs
B%gq •%•
q• %•M%§
Base pairings are A- U and C G
q• %•q%§ •%•
•
' ' -
q•M%§
' '
qM§§ Three types of RNA exist ( mRNA
•
n-rna.mn
B-B.o.ggooqg.gg
Boom
µ%HAo→§ hpqqYHa •µ ¥
.mn#tH-Base&Y*Heooy&
⇐4*Heaoqq
'
Ribose 0
RNA
sugar (single-stranded)
ggg ,
MBY} BBÑ?
qq.am qq.ÑÑÑ?am
Ro
M§µ i÷BF•¥É
qq.am q.B- B. phosphodiester
BOB Begg gg Bog zoo zoo %¥•gµ•ga•¥;
1-124
linkages
✗
y × y Xy X y y y1 od y , Phosphate
⇐ pg .
group
Mtѥ
DNA only DNA & RNA RNA only ¥9s
0 MHz 0 Ntlz 0
" Acts
g§§g§
Hsc 't' H •
between DNA
Messager
YÉo
as
to
- a
N
II and ribosomes and carries out protein
y to +.
↳ Synthesis
Thyptnine
H
Adenine Guanine
cytosine uracil •
DNA is too
large to
get out of the
nucleus RNA to it's
Uses bring
o§¥É
"" HO -
.
-04° ppl
"
0¥
OH
city the for
µ_y -0-1+-1
to the rest of cell
Ho OH
,
message
¥-1
- -
Protein synthesis
-
'
oh
ggg 01-1
Phosphate OH OH
2-
Deoxyribose Ribose
3. Life at Molecular ,
Cellular and tissue level → DNA .
the code to life Two nucleic Acids are :
1. Deoxy ribonucleic Acid ( DNA)
"
2nudeiAidRNA
" "
Molecules
"
W of life
Nucleic acids called or Most extraordinary molecules on Earth
Control
•
Cellular Activity
Development
•
of organisms
" "
↳
Done by Controlling the synthesis of Proteins
first step making Proteins
•
"
"
W Proteins make up structures , ENZYMES
much are proteins
Controlling Chemical Processes
•
inside cell
↳ Thus , control structure + Functioning of all Living organisms
?⃝
,MqgJYF•. •% q .g %•mB•Tk DNA
war
q .pewww.T.mgak
BOB qq.rq-qqqqq.A-F.a.ee code of life µ•a•a qµgµ
qqgGar-Ha.z.tBweok@gza.m
mham qq.kz#
Proteins
F
Controlling synthesis of
Enzymes
'
f o
control
making up chemical
structure of processes inside
body cells
to stores info that controls cellular activity t development of
entire
organisms
W Controls structures 1-
functioning
of
living organisms
•
Genetic replication
DNA Replication Base Pairing : A = T
C =
6
*
¥y••
If 2 strands separate
B-•
yq each would serve
• = Adenine
as
BBB * LG HB HB B. • mg
a template for a
• •
• =
Thymine
• •
MMB
•
Cytosine
•G
=
Mr
Mqgzq
80
, complementary new chain
Guanine
Replicate)
•
B- GB (ie each strand could
•
.
z•
Francis Crick
Sydney Brenner
1-
•
Triplet code was used in reading genetic material in DNA 1- transferring info from Nucleus
to RNA to
cytoplasm via where Proteins are made
•
In DNA ,
form is function : Double -
stranded molecule could both Produce exact copies of itself
( replicate) 1- Carry genetic instructions
ie
Sequence bases form info be stored and
.
of in DNA a code
by which genetic can
transmitted
where is DNA found ?
•
mainly in the Nucleus of the cell
•
Forms Part of the Chromosomes that make up the
chromatine network
-
Chromatin =
Chromosomal material made up of DNA tRNA
1- histone Proteins found cell
as in a non
dividing
-
•
DNA molecule is coiled so that these long structures
can fit inside the nucleus
•
I 2
metres DNA in a cell
