Universal Methods of Design
Design phase 1: Planning, Scoping and Definition.
Design phase 2: Exploration, Synthesis, Design Implications, Design ethnographic.
Design phase 3: Concept Generation, Early Prototyping, Involving participatory, Generative
design activities.
Design phase 4: Evaluation, Refinement, Production, Testing and Feedback.
Design phase 5: Launch and Monitor.
,Context
01. A/B TESTING – RESEARCH METHOD.....................................................................................................................5
02. AEIOU – SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE...........................................................................................................5
03. AFFINITY DIAGRAMMING - SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE....................................................................................5
04. ARTIFACT ANALYSIS – RESEARCH METHOD.............................................................................................................5
05. AUTOMATED REMOTE RESEARCH – RESEARCH METHOD...........................................................................................5
06. BACK CASTING – RESEARCH METHOD....................................................................................................................5
07. BEHAVIORAL DESIGN – SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE......................................................................5
08. BEHAVIORAL MAPPING – RESEARCH METHOD........................................................................................................6
09. BLOCKBUSTING - RESEARCH METHOD...................................................................................................................6
10. BODYSTORMING - RESEARCH METHOD..................................................................................................................6
11. BRAINSTORM GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS – SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE....................................................................6
12. BRAND EXPERIENCE WORKSHOP – RESEARCH METHOD............................................................................................6
13. BULL’S-EYE DIAGRAMMING – RESEARCH METHOD..................................................................................................6
14. BUSINESS ORIGAMI – RESEARCH METHOD – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..........................................................................7
15. CARD STORTING – RESEARCH METHOD.................................................................................................................7
16. CASE STUDIES – RESEARCH METHOD.....................................................................................................................7
17. CIVIC DESIGN AND POLICY – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE...............................................................................................7
18. COGNITIVE MAPPING - SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE......................................................7
19. COGNITIVE WALKTHROUGH – RESEARCH METHOD..................................................................................................7
20. COLLAGE – RESEARCH METHOD...........................................................................................................................7
21. COMPETITIVE TESTING – RESEARCH METHOD.........................................................................................................8
22. CONCEPT MAPPING - SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE...........................................................................................8
23. CONTENT ANALYSIS - SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE...........................................................................................8
24. CONTENT INVENTORY AND AUDIT - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.........................................8
25. CONTEXTUAL DESIGN - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..........................................................8
26. CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY – RESEARCH METHOD..........................................................................................................8
27. CREATIVE MATRIX – RESEARCH METHOD...............................................................................................................8
28. CREATIVE TOOLKITS – RESEARCH METHOD.............................................................................................................9
29. CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUE - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.............................................9
30. CRITIQUES - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE........................................................................................................9
31. CROWDSOURCING – RESEARCH METHOD...............................................................................................................9
32. CULTURAL PROBES – RESEARCH METHOD..............................................................................................................9
33. COSTUMER EXPERIENCE AUDIT - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.............................................9
34. DATA PHYSICALIZATION – RESEARCH METHOD – SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE........................................................9
35. DATA VISUALIZATION - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE........................................................10
36. DESIGN CHARETTE – RESEARCH METHOD - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE..............................................................10
37. DESIGN ETHNOGRAPHY – RESEARCH METHOD......................................................................................................10
38. DESIGN FICTION – RESEARCH METHOD- RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..............................................................................10
39. DESIGN WORKSHOPS – RESEARCH METHOD.........................................................................................................10
40. DESIRABILITY TESTING – RESEARCH METHOD........................................................................................................10
41. DIARY STUDIES – RESEARCH METHOD.................................................................................................................10
42. DIRECTED STORYTELLING – RESEARCH METHOD....................................................................................................11
43. DRAWING – RESEARCH METHOD - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.........................................11
44. ELITO METHOD - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE................................................................................................11
45. EMPATHY MAPS - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE..............................................................................................11
46. ERGONOMIC ANALYSIS – RESEARCH METHOD- SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE.........................................................11
47. EVALUATIVE RESEARCH – RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..........................11
48. EVIDENCE-BASED DESIGN - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE........................12
49. EXPERIENCE PROTOTYPING – RESEARCH METHOD.................................................................................................12
50. EXPERIENCE SAMPLING METHOD- RESEARCH METHOD...........................................................................................12
51. EXPERIMENTS – RESEARCH METHOD...................................................................................................................12
52. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH- RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.........................12
53. EYE TRACKING – RESEARCH METHOD RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..................................................................................12
54. FLEXIBLE MODELING – RESEARCH METHOD..........................................................................................................12
2
Universal Methods of Design
, 55. FLY-ON-THE-WALL OBSERVATION – RESEARCH METHOD........................................................................................13
56. FOCUS GROUPS – RESEARCH METHOD................................................................................................................13
57. GAP ANALYSIS - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE.................................................................................................13
58. GENERATIVE RESEARCH - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..........................13
59. GRAFFITI WALLS – RESEARCH METHOD...............................................................................................................13
60. HEURISTIC EVALUATION – RESEARCH METHOD.....................................................................................................13
61. HIGHLIGHT REELS- RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..........................................................................................................13
62. HORIZON SCANNING – RESEARCH METHOD..........................................................................................................14
63. HOW MIGHT WE – RESEARCH METHOD..............................................................................................................14
64. IMAGE BOARDS- RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE......................................................................14
65. IMPORTANCE-DIFFICULTY MATRIX - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE.......................................................................14
66. INTERVIEWS – RESEARCH METHOD.....................................................................................................................14
67. KJ TECHNIQUE - ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE................................................................................................................14
68. KANO ANALYSIS - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE...............................................................................................14
69. KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE.........................................................................15
70. LADDERING - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE..........................................................................15
71. LITERATURE REVIEWS- RESEARCH METHOD..........................................................................................................16
72. THE LOVE LETTER AND BREAKUP LETTER – RESEARCH METHOD...............................................................................16
73. MENTAL MODEL DIAGRAMS - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..............................................16
74. METAPHORS – RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE........................................................................16
75. MIND MAPPING - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE..............................................................................................16
76. OBSERVATION – RESEARCH METHOD..................................................................................................................16
77. PARALLEL PROTOTYPING – RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE........................................................16
78. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION – RESEARCH METHOD................................................................................................18
79. PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH PAR - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE....18
80. PARTICIPATORY DESIGN – RESEARCH METHOD......................................................................................................18
81. PERSONAL INVENTORIES – RESEARCH METHOD.....................................................................................................18
82. PERSONAS- SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.......................................................................18
83. PHOTO STUDIES – RESEARCH METHOD................................................................................................................18
84. PICTURE CARDS- RESEARCH METHOD..................................................................................................................18
85. PROTOTYPING - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.................................................................19
86. QUESTIONNAIRES – RESEARCH METHOD..............................................................................................................19
87. RAPID ITERATIVE TESTING & EVALUATION RITE – RESEARCH METHOD......................................................................19
88. REMOTE MODERATED RESEARCH – RESEARCH METHOD.........................................................................................19
89. RESEARCH THROUGH DESIGN - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..................19
90. ROLE-PLAYING – RESEARCH METHOD..................................................................................................................19
91. ROSE THORN BUD- SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE.............................................................................................19
92. SCENARIOS – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.................................................................................................................20
93. SECONDARY RESEARCH- RESEARCH METHOD.........................................................................................................20
94. SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL – RESEARCH METHOD....................................................................................................20
95. SERVICE BLUEPRINT - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..........................................................20
96. SERVICE DESIGN - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE....................................20
97. SHADOWING – RESEARCH METHOD....................................................................................................................20
98. SIMULATIONS- RESEARCH METHOD.....................................................................................................................20
99. SITE SEARCH ANALYTICS- RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE..........................................................21
100. SPEED DATING - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE....................................................................21
101. STAKEHOLDER MAP - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE.........................................................................................21
102. STAKEHOLDER WALKTHROUGH – RESEARCH METHOD...........................................................................................21
103. STORYBOARD – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE............................................................................................................21
104. SURVEYS- RESEARCH METHOD.........................................................................................................................21
105. SWIM LANES – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.............................................................................................................22
106. TASK ANALYSIS - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE...................................................................22
107. TERRITORY MAPS- SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE............................................................................................22
108. THEMATIC NETWORKS - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE....................................................................................22
109. THINK-ALOUD PROTOCOL – RESEARCH METHOD.................................................................................................22
110. TIME-AWARE RESEARCH – RESEARCH METHOD...................................................................................................22
111. TOUCH STONE TOURS- RESEARCH METHOD.......................................................................................................22
3
Universal Methods of Design
Design phase 1: Planning, Scoping and Definition.
Design phase 2: Exploration, Synthesis, Design Implications, Design ethnographic.
Design phase 3: Concept Generation, Early Prototyping, Involving participatory, Generative
design activities.
Design phase 4: Evaluation, Refinement, Production, Testing and Feedback.
Design phase 5: Launch and Monitor.
,Context
01. A/B TESTING – RESEARCH METHOD.....................................................................................................................5
02. AEIOU – SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE...........................................................................................................5
03. AFFINITY DIAGRAMMING - SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE....................................................................................5
04. ARTIFACT ANALYSIS – RESEARCH METHOD.............................................................................................................5
05. AUTOMATED REMOTE RESEARCH – RESEARCH METHOD...........................................................................................5
06. BACK CASTING – RESEARCH METHOD....................................................................................................................5
07. BEHAVIORAL DESIGN – SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE......................................................................5
08. BEHAVIORAL MAPPING – RESEARCH METHOD........................................................................................................6
09. BLOCKBUSTING - RESEARCH METHOD...................................................................................................................6
10. BODYSTORMING - RESEARCH METHOD..................................................................................................................6
11. BRAINSTORM GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS – SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE....................................................................6
12. BRAND EXPERIENCE WORKSHOP – RESEARCH METHOD............................................................................................6
13. BULL’S-EYE DIAGRAMMING – RESEARCH METHOD..................................................................................................6
14. BUSINESS ORIGAMI – RESEARCH METHOD – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..........................................................................7
15. CARD STORTING – RESEARCH METHOD.................................................................................................................7
16. CASE STUDIES – RESEARCH METHOD.....................................................................................................................7
17. CIVIC DESIGN AND POLICY – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE...............................................................................................7
18. COGNITIVE MAPPING - SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE......................................................7
19. COGNITIVE WALKTHROUGH – RESEARCH METHOD..................................................................................................7
20. COLLAGE – RESEARCH METHOD...........................................................................................................................7
21. COMPETITIVE TESTING – RESEARCH METHOD.........................................................................................................8
22. CONCEPT MAPPING - SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE...........................................................................................8
23. CONTENT ANALYSIS - SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE...........................................................................................8
24. CONTENT INVENTORY AND AUDIT - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.........................................8
25. CONTEXTUAL DESIGN - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..........................................................8
26. CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY – RESEARCH METHOD..........................................................................................................8
27. CREATIVE MATRIX – RESEARCH METHOD...............................................................................................................8
28. CREATIVE TOOLKITS – RESEARCH METHOD.............................................................................................................9
29. CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUE - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.............................................9
30. CRITIQUES - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE........................................................................................................9
31. CROWDSOURCING – RESEARCH METHOD...............................................................................................................9
32. CULTURAL PROBES – RESEARCH METHOD..............................................................................................................9
33. COSTUMER EXPERIENCE AUDIT - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.............................................9
34. DATA PHYSICALIZATION – RESEARCH METHOD – SYNTHESIS/ ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE........................................................9
35. DATA VISUALIZATION - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE........................................................10
36. DESIGN CHARETTE – RESEARCH METHOD - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE..............................................................10
37. DESIGN ETHNOGRAPHY – RESEARCH METHOD......................................................................................................10
38. DESIGN FICTION – RESEARCH METHOD- RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..............................................................................10
39. DESIGN WORKSHOPS – RESEARCH METHOD.........................................................................................................10
40. DESIRABILITY TESTING – RESEARCH METHOD........................................................................................................10
41. DIARY STUDIES – RESEARCH METHOD.................................................................................................................10
42. DIRECTED STORYTELLING – RESEARCH METHOD....................................................................................................11
43. DRAWING – RESEARCH METHOD - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.........................................11
44. ELITO METHOD - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE................................................................................................11
45. EMPATHY MAPS - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE..............................................................................................11
46. ERGONOMIC ANALYSIS – RESEARCH METHOD- SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE.........................................................11
47. EVALUATIVE RESEARCH – RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..........................11
48. EVIDENCE-BASED DESIGN - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE........................12
49. EXPERIENCE PROTOTYPING – RESEARCH METHOD.................................................................................................12
50. EXPERIENCE SAMPLING METHOD- RESEARCH METHOD...........................................................................................12
51. EXPERIMENTS – RESEARCH METHOD...................................................................................................................12
52. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH- RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.........................12
53. EYE TRACKING – RESEARCH METHOD RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..................................................................................12
54. FLEXIBLE MODELING – RESEARCH METHOD..........................................................................................................12
2
Universal Methods of Design
, 55. FLY-ON-THE-WALL OBSERVATION – RESEARCH METHOD........................................................................................13
56. FOCUS GROUPS – RESEARCH METHOD................................................................................................................13
57. GAP ANALYSIS - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE.................................................................................................13
58. GENERATIVE RESEARCH - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..........................13
59. GRAFFITI WALLS – RESEARCH METHOD...............................................................................................................13
60. HEURISTIC EVALUATION – RESEARCH METHOD.....................................................................................................13
61. HIGHLIGHT REELS- RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..........................................................................................................13
62. HORIZON SCANNING – RESEARCH METHOD..........................................................................................................14
63. HOW MIGHT WE – RESEARCH METHOD..............................................................................................................14
64. IMAGE BOARDS- RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE......................................................................14
65. IMPORTANCE-DIFFICULTY MATRIX - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE.......................................................................14
66. INTERVIEWS – RESEARCH METHOD.....................................................................................................................14
67. KJ TECHNIQUE - ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE................................................................................................................14
68. KANO ANALYSIS - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE...............................................................................................14
69. KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE.........................................................................15
70. LADDERING - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE..........................................................................15
71. LITERATURE REVIEWS- RESEARCH METHOD..........................................................................................................16
72. THE LOVE LETTER AND BREAKUP LETTER – RESEARCH METHOD...............................................................................16
73. MENTAL MODEL DIAGRAMS - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..............................................16
74. METAPHORS – RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE........................................................................16
75. MIND MAPPING - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE..............................................................................................16
76. OBSERVATION – RESEARCH METHOD..................................................................................................................16
77. PARALLEL PROTOTYPING – RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE........................................................16
78. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION – RESEARCH METHOD................................................................................................18
79. PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH PAR - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE....18
80. PARTICIPATORY DESIGN – RESEARCH METHOD......................................................................................................18
81. PERSONAL INVENTORIES – RESEARCH METHOD.....................................................................................................18
82. PERSONAS- SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.......................................................................18
83. PHOTO STUDIES – RESEARCH METHOD................................................................................................................18
84. PICTURE CARDS- RESEARCH METHOD..................................................................................................................18
85. PROTOTYPING - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.................................................................19
86. QUESTIONNAIRES – RESEARCH METHOD..............................................................................................................19
87. RAPID ITERATIVE TESTING & EVALUATION RITE – RESEARCH METHOD......................................................................19
88. REMOTE MODERATED RESEARCH – RESEARCH METHOD.........................................................................................19
89. RESEARCH THROUGH DESIGN - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..................19
90. ROLE-PLAYING – RESEARCH METHOD..................................................................................................................19
91. ROSE THORN BUD- SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE.............................................................................................19
92. SCENARIOS – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.................................................................................................................20
93. SECONDARY RESEARCH- RESEARCH METHOD.........................................................................................................20
94. SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL – RESEARCH METHOD....................................................................................................20
95. SERVICE BLUEPRINT - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE..........................................................20
96. SERVICE DESIGN - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE RESEARCH DELIVERABLE....................................20
97. SHADOWING – RESEARCH METHOD....................................................................................................................20
98. SIMULATIONS- RESEARCH METHOD.....................................................................................................................20
99. SITE SEARCH ANALYTICS- RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE..........................................................21
100. SPEED DATING - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE....................................................................21
101. STAKEHOLDER MAP - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE.........................................................................................21
102. STAKEHOLDER WALKTHROUGH – RESEARCH METHOD...........................................................................................21
103. STORYBOARD – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE............................................................................................................21
104. SURVEYS- RESEARCH METHOD.........................................................................................................................21
105. SWIM LANES – RESEARCH DELIVERABLE.............................................................................................................22
106. TASK ANALYSIS - RESEARCH METHOD SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE...................................................................22
107. TERRITORY MAPS- SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE............................................................................................22
108. THEMATIC NETWORKS - SYNTHESIS/ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE....................................................................................22
109. THINK-ALOUD PROTOCOL – RESEARCH METHOD.................................................................................................22
110. TIME-AWARE RESEARCH – RESEARCH METHOD...................................................................................................22
111. TOUCH STONE TOURS- RESEARCH METHOD.......................................................................................................22
3
Universal Methods of Design