British Civilization: An introduction – John Oakland
Ninth edition
Samenvatting
,Table of Contents
4: Religion..........................................................................................................................3
Religious history:..........................................................................................................................4
The Christian Tradition..................................................................................................................5
The Church of England..................................................................................................................6
The Church of Scotland.................................................................................................................8
The Roman Catholic Church..........................................................................................................8
The free churches.........................................................................................................................9
Other Christian churches...............................................................................................................9
The non-Christian tradition.........................................................................................................10
the Jewish community...................................................................................................................................10
Other non-Christian religions........................................................................................................................10
Cooperation amongst the faiths....................................................................................................................10
Religion in schools......................................................................................................................10
Religious identification...............................................................................................................11
Attitudes to religion and morality...............................................................................................11
Foreign and defence policy:........................................................................................................12
Empire, Commonwealth and Ireland:.........................................................................................13
Ireland:.......................................................................................................................................13
The European Union (EU):...........................................................................................................13
Withdrawal from the EU (brexit):................................................................................................14
7: The legal system...........................................................................................................15
Criminal Courts:..........................................................................................................................16
Civil courts:.................................................................................................................................17
8: The Economy................................................................................................................18
Early British economic history.....................................................................................................18
modern economy policies, structure, and performance..............................................................18
Economic policies..........................................................................................................................................18
Economic structure........................................................................................................................................19
Recent economic performance.....................................................................................................................19
social class, the workforce and employment..............................................................................19
Social class.....................................................................................................................................................19
the workforce and employment....................................................................................................................20
Financial institutions......................................................................................................................................20
Industrial and commercial institutions........................................................................................21
the trade unions............................................................................................................................................21
, Employers’ organizations..............................................................................................................................22
Industrial relations.........................................................................................................................................22
The adversary, consultation end arbitration service ACS.............................................................................22
Consumer protection.....................................................................................................................................22
Attitudes to the economy...........................................................................................................23
9: Social Services..............................................................................................................23
National Health Service (NHS):....................................................................................................24
10: Education...................................................................................................................26
School history.............................................................................................................................26
The 1944 Education Act...............................................................................................................27
The contemporary state school sector........................................................................................27
Schools........................................................................................................................................28
The contemporary independent (free-paying) school sector.......................................................28
11: The Media..................................................................................................................31
The print media:...............................................................................................................31
The broadcasting media:..................................................................................................32
Influence of television and other media:...........................................................................32
12: Leisure, sports, and the arts........................................................................................32
Leisure activities:........................................................................................................................32
Sports:........................................................................................................................................34
The Arts:.....................................................................................................................................35
4: Religion
Over the years Britain has seen many, mainly Christian beliefs. First sporadically during the
roman conquest and then more widely following conversions from paganism. After Henry
VIII’s separation from the church, there were mainly conflicts between the roman catholic
and protestant beliefs. There were also small conflicts between different protestant groups
which lead to nonconformist or dissenting churches and sects.
Britain also knows non-Christian beliefs such as Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism and Sikhism,
mainly introduced by immigrants in the 20th century.
Because of the European enlightenment scientific challenge to belief in God, there is a
decline in the attraction of organized religion. This secularization has sparked debates about
whether Britain is any longer a Christian country.
, Religious history:
Religious timeline:
10.000BC - Natural world, animals and seasonal fruits were ritually worshipped.
5.000BC - Ancestors were worshipped and they embraced fertility cults and the spirit world.
They were led by priest-like shamans.
3.000BC - Their leaders were priest kinds who meditated with the gods. They designed
stone and earth monuments which were aligned with the sun or moon. (Bronze age)
1.000BC - The belief in Celtic gods and goddesses influenced this society. Druid priests
carried out sacrifices. (Iron age)
43 – 410AD – First Christian influences mixed with pagan beliefs. (Roman occupation)
300AD – Roman Catholicism brought from Rome. Romans converted pagan Irish kings.
432AD – St. Patrick continued to convert the Irish to the roman
596-597AD – St. Augustine introduced the Roman Catholic faith to the Anglo-Saxons of Kent
in Southern England. This was encouraged by the royals since it was believed the Christian
hierarchy would increase their royal authority.
664AD – The conflicts between the Celtic and Catholic beliefs were solved at the synod
(religious meeting) of Whitby, where all the churches agreed to accept the Catholic form of
worship.
16th Century - Because of the wealth of the church the monarchs were jealous and the
relationship between them and Rome was at breaking point.
1521 – Henry VIII defended the papacy (authority and power of the pope) and got awarded
the title of Fidei Defensor (Defender of Faith).
1529 – Henry VIII argued that as King of England he, not the Pope, was the supreme legal
authority.
1534- Henry VIII broke away from Rome and declared himself head of the Church in
England.
1536 – Henry VIII dissolved monasteries and confiscated much Church property.
1547-1553 – Edward VI was monarch and increased the movement of the catholic church to
the protestant church.
1560 – John Knox accelerated the process in Scotland by founding the Protestant Church of
Scotland (Kirk). Ireland remained Catholic. Conflicts between the Catholic and Protestant
fairth began, which often involved violent persecution.
1553-1558 – Mary Tudor (Henry VIII’s daughter) became monarch and tried to restore the
Catholic faith but failed.
Ninth edition
Samenvatting
,Table of Contents
4: Religion..........................................................................................................................3
Religious history:..........................................................................................................................4
The Christian Tradition..................................................................................................................5
The Church of England..................................................................................................................6
The Church of Scotland.................................................................................................................8
The Roman Catholic Church..........................................................................................................8
The free churches.........................................................................................................................9
Other Christian churches...............................................................................................................9
The non-Christian tradition.........................................................................................................10
the Jewish community...................................................................................................................................10
Other non-Christian religions........................................................................................................................10
Cooperation amongst the faiths....................................................................................................................10
Religion in schools......................................................................................................................10
Religious identification...............................................................................................................11
Attitudes to religion and morality...............................................................................................11
Foreign and defence policy:........................................................................................................12
Empire, Commonwealth and Ireland:.........................................................................................13
Ireland:.......................................................................................................................................13
The European Union (EU):...........................................................................................................13
Withdrawal from the EU (brexit):................................................................................................14
7: The legal system...........................................................................................................15
Criminal Courts:..........................................................................................................................16
Civil courts:.................................................................................................................................17
8: The Economy................................................................................................................18
Early British economic history.....................................................................................................18
modern economy policies, structure, and performance..............................................................18
Economic policies..........................................................................................................................................18
Economic structure........................................................................................................................................19
Recent economic performance.....................................................................................................................19
social class, the workforce and employment..............................................................................19
Social class.....................................................................................................................................................19
the workforce and employment....................................................................................................................20
Financial institutions......................................................................................................................................20
Industrial and commercial institutions........................................................................................21
the trade unions............................................................................................................................................21
, Employers’ organizations..............................................................................................................................22
Industrial relations.........................................................................................................................................22
The adversary, consultation end arbitration service ACS.............................................................................22
Consumer protection.....................................................................................................................................22
Attitudes to the economy...........................................................................................................23
9: Social Services..............................................................................................................23
National Health Service (NHS):....................................................................................................24
10: Education...................................................................................................................26
School history.............................................................................................................................26
The 1944 Education Act...............................................................................................................27
The contemporary state school sector........................................................................................27
Schools........................................................................................................................................28
The contemporary independent (free-paying) school sector.......................................................28
11: The Media..................................................................................................................31
The print media:...............................................................................................................31
The broadcasting media:..................................................................................................32
Influence of television and other media:...........................................................................32
12: Leisure, sports, and the arts........................................................................................32
Leisure activities:........................................................................................................................32
Sports:........................................................................................................................................34
The Arts:.....................................................................................................................................35
4: Religion
Over the years Britain has seen many, mainly Christian beliefs. First sporadically during the
roman conquest and then more widely following conversions from paganism. After Henry
VIII’s separation from the church, there were mainly conflicts between the roman catholic
and protestant beliefs. There were also small conflicts between different protestant groups
which lead to nonconformist or dissenting churches and sects.
Britain also knows non-Christian beliefs such as Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism and Sikhism,
mainly introduced by immigrants in the 20th century.
Because of the European enlightenment scientific challenge to belief in God, there is a
decline in the attraction of organized religion. This secularization has sparked debates about
whether Britain is any longer a Christian country.
, Religious history:
Religious timeline:
10.000BC - Natural world, animals and seasonal fruits were ritually worshipped.
5.000BC - Ancestors were worshipped and they embraced fertility cults and the spirit world.
They were led by priest-like shamans.
3.000BC - Their leaders were priest kinds who meditated with the gods. They designed
stone and earth monuments which were aligned with the sun or moon. (Bronze age)
1.000BC - The belief in Celtic gods and goddesses influenced this society. Druid priests
carried out sacrifices. (Iron age)
43 – 410AD – First Christian influences mixed with pagan beliefs. (Roman occupation)
300AD – Roman Catholicism brought from Rome. Romans converted pagan Irish kings.
432AD – St. Patrick continued to convert the Irish to the roman
596-597AD – St. Augustine introduced the Roman Catholic faith to the Anglo-Saxons of Kent
in Southern England. This was encouraged by the royals since it was believed the Christian
hierarchy would increase their royal authority.
664AD – The conflicts between the Celtic and Catholic beliefs were solved at the synod
(religious meeting) of Whitby, where all the churches agreed to accept the Catholic form of
worship.
16th Century - Because of the wealth of the church the monarchs were jealous and the
relationship between them and Rome was at breaking point.
1521 – Henry VIII defended the papacy (authority and power of the pope) and got awarded
the title of Fidei Defensor (Defender of Faith).
1529 – Henry VIII argued that as King of England he, not the Pope, was the supreme legal
authority.
1534- Henry VIII broke away from Rome and declared himself head of the Church in
England.
1536 – Henry VIII dissolved monasteries and confiscated much Church property.
1547-1553 – Edward VI was monarch and increased the movement of the catholic church to
the protestant church.
1560 – John Knox accelerated the process in Scotland by founding the Protestant Church of
Scotland (Kirk). Ireland remained Catholic. Conflicts between the Catholic and Protestant
fairth began, which often involved violent persecution.
1553-1558 – Mary Tudor (Henry VIII’s daughter) became monarch and tried to restore the
Catholic faith but failed.
