KLV Verenigd koninkrijk en Ierland
PP history
(Aanvullende) aantekeningen History - Overview PP 2021-2022
EARLY BRITAIN & CELTIC ERA - UNTIL 43 AD
- Languages: Unknown, Celtic.
- Dominant religion: Celtic polytheism (Druidism).
ROMAN ERA – 43-410 AD
- 43 AD/CE: successful invasion by the Roman emperor Claudius.
- Languages: Celtic, Latin.
- Dominant religions: Roman polytheism, Christianity (from fourth century).
GERMANIC INVASIONS AND SETTLEMENT 410-1066 AD
- Fifth century: invasions by Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians (Bede: 449 CE).
- Eighth-Ninth centuries: Viking invasions. Danelaw in the North (e.g. Yorvik=York)
- Languages: Anglo-Saxon (Old English), Brythonic (later Welsh/Cornish), Gaelic.
- Dominant religions: Germanic polytheism, Christianity (from 7th century)
- A lot of problems (diseases, tax problems ect)
ANGLO-NORMAN AND ANGEVIN ERAS 1066-1350 AD
- 1066: Battle of Hastings. Normans led by William, Duke of Normandy.
- 1215: Magna Carta, signed by King John ‘Lackland’. Limited power king. Introduction
‘habeas corpus’ in law. (= ‘you must have a body’)
- You can’t have a trial without the person present (So they can defend
themself).
- Languages: Norman French (in politics etc.), English, Welsh, Cornish, Gaelic.
- Religion: Western Christianity (≈ Catholicism).
- 1337-1453: Hundred Years’ War. Began with Edward III trying to become King of
France. Ended in loss French domains except Channel Islands.
- After ca. 1350: switch from French to England in Parliament and Law Courts. Influx of
new French loanwords.
- 1381: Peasants’ Revolt. Contributed to abolition of serfdom.
- Ca. 1375-1400 AD: Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales.•1455-1487 AD: Wars of the
Roses. York and Lancaster united as Tudor.
- Languages: English, Welsh, Cornish, Gaelic.
- Religion: Western Christianity (≈ Catholicism).
TUDOR ENGLAND –1485-1603 AD
- 1509-1547: King Henry VIII (Anglican from 1534) kind of protestant?
- 1534: Act of Supremacy > Church of England established
- 1536: Wales annexed by England.
- 1553-1558: Mary I (Catholic)
- 1558-1603: Elizabeth I (Anglican, protestant). -> the virgin queen.
- 1560: Scots Confession > Church of Scotland established
, - 17th century: Irish plantations. Protestant settlers to establish dominance of the
English/Scottish crown.
- Languages: English, Welsh, Cornish, Gaelic.
- Religions: Catholicism, Church of England, Church of Scotland. Small Jewish community.
EARLY STUART BRITAIN –1603-1649 AD
- 1603-1625: James I king of England, Scotland and Ireland (Anglican).
- 1611: King James Bible. Attempt at unifying the Church of England.
- 1625-1649: Charles I. Conflict with parliament over royal prerogative and Catholic
sympathies. Executed after the civil war.
- Languages: English, Welsh, Cornish, Gaelic.
- Religions: Church of England, Church of Scotland, Catholicism. Small Jewish
community.
COMMONWEALTH – 1649-1660 AD
- 1639-1653: War in Scotland (began as a conflict over episcopacy).
- 1641-1653: War in Ireland: (devolved into a conflict between Catholics and
Protestants).
- 1642-1648: War in England (English Civil War between Royalists and
Parliamentarians).
- 1649-1658: Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector (Puritan).•Languages: English, Welsh,
Cornish, Gaelic. •Religions: Puritanical C of E, C of Sc, Catholicism. Small Jewish
community.
RESTORATION – 1660-1688 AD
- 1660-1685: Restoration > Charles II King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. (Anglican).
- 1685-1688: James II (Catholic). -> brother of Charles II
- 1688: ‘Glorious Revolution’ > William III and Mary II (Anglican).
- Expansion of slavery: e.g. sugarcane plantations in Jamaica (conquered 1660).
- Languages: English, Welsh, Cornish, Gaelic.
- Religions: Anglicanism, Scottish Presbyterianism, Catholicism. Small Jewish community.
THE REVOLUTION AND ITS AFTERMATH
- 1688-1702: William III and Mary II (Anglican).
- 1689: Bill of Rights: free elections (for landowners), freedom of speech in parliament,
regular meetings of parliament, having a ‘papist prince’ illegal: monarchs must be
Anglican (still the case today).
- 1690: Battle of the Boyne. William defeats James. Helped seal Protestant dominance
in Ireland, contributing to later conflict.
- 1702-1714: Anne.
- 1707: Act of Union: one parliament for England and Scotland.
- Languages: English, Welsh, Cornish, Gaelic.
- Religions: C of E, C of Sc, Catholicism. Small Jewish community.
GEORGIAN ERA – 1714-1837
- 1714-1727: George I (Anglican – like all subsequent monarchs).
- 1769: Watt improved the steam engine, accelerating the Industrial Revolution (ca. 1765-1830).
- 1775-1783: American War of Independence.
, - 1801: (Irish) Act of Union: Ireland joins the United Kingdom (previously England+Scotland; Wales wa
- 1833: Slavery abolished (1843 last slaves freed). Inequality persisted.
- George I succeeded by George II, III, IV, William IV.
- Growing middle class: demand for novels (e.g. Robinson Crusoe).
VICTORIAN ERA – 1837-1901
- 1837-1901: Victoria.
- 1828-1859: Colonisation of Australia.
- 1840: Treaty of Waitangi: New Zealand becomes a British colony.
- 1858: Start of the British Raj. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh incorporated
by the British state.
- 1876: Victoria made Empress of India.
- Vast expansion of trade and military power.
- Many religions and many languages in the Empire. Spread of Christianity and
English, making it a world language.
EDWARDIAN ERA–1901-1914
- 1901-1910: Edward VII.
- Idealisation of the Empire as a ‘civilising’ force.
- Growing social tension, yet often seen as a time of peace in the Empire and quiet
enjoyment at home – at least for the elite.
- Continued Christianisation of colonies, esp. in Africa.
THE MODERN ERA – END OF EMPIRE
- 1914-1918: Great War=First World War (involving colonies and the USA).
- 1918: Universal Male Franchise (no longer based on property).
- 1921: Irish Free State (full independence 1948). Note: Ulster/Northern Ireland
remained part of the UK.
- 1924: First Labour Prime Minister; growing influence of the working class.
- 1928: Universal Franchise (all adult men and women could vote).
- 1931: Statute of Westminster: Can., Austr. and New Zeal. largely independent.
- 1938-1945: Second World War.
- 1947: India and Pakistan independent (Sri Lanka 1972; Bangladesh independent
from Pakistan 1972).
- 1948: Arrival of the Empire Windrush: ‘Windrush generation’.
- 1948: NHS founded. Free healthcare for all (introduced under Labour govt).
THE MODERN ERA – 1950s AND BEYOND
- 1952- Present: Elizabeth II.•1950s and 1960s: large-scale migration from Caribbean,
India, Pakistan.
- 1962: Jamaica independent.
- 1973: United Kingdom joins the European Community
- 1979-1990: Margaret Thatcher Prime Minister (Conservative).
- 1982: Falklands War.
- 1990s-2016: large-scale migration from other EU countries.
- 1997-2007: Tony Blair Prime Minister (Labour).
- 1998-1999: Devolution. Assemblies in Wales, Northern Ireland and London;
Parliament in Scotland. Joint British Parliament still in London.
, - 2016: ‘Brexit’ referendum. EU membership ended in 2020.
free market = The United Kingdom has a free market within themselves, that means that
buyers and sellers are not restricted by government policy
Brexit = Inhabitants of the United Kingdom wish to leave the European Union, because of
the sometimes problematic relationship between the two.
nostalgia = Some inhabitants of Britain want back the time where the kingdom had a lot
of colonials.
neoliberal = is a movement within liberalism in which the government plays the role of
creator and maintainer of markets and competition, with an emphasis on maximising
individual freedom.
privatization = In the early 1980’s a lot of priventarization happened in the UK.
austerity = Is a set of political-economic policies that aim to reduce government budget
deficits through spending cuts, tax increases, or a combination of both. Brought in after
the Great Recession
pragmatism = Philosophical movement characterised by the focus on connecting practice
with theory.
deficit = Often used when talking about the country’s financial government debt.
conservatism = British conservatoires are called Tories.They have a blue flag. Thatcher
was very against this movement.
Margaret Thatcher = Britain first woman Prime Minister, had a Conservative government
inclusive.
stop and search = Is the power given to police to search an individual or vehicle if
they have "reasonable grounds" to suspect the person is carrying illegal drugs or a
weapon.
insular = Often used when speaking about the island of the people living on the island from
the United Kingdom.
‘enterprise culture’ = Often used when talking about the financial tactics of a country. A
capitalistic society where taking high risks in the hope of profit is encouraged.
diversity = The United Kingdom is an ethnically diverse society. 80 % of the population is
white British.
PP history
(Aanvullende) aantekeningen History - Overview PP 2021-2022
EARLY BRITAIN & CELTIC ERA - UNTIL 43 AD
- Languages: Unknown, Celtic.
- Dominant religion: Celtic polytheism (Druidism).
ROMAN ERA – 43-410 AD
- 43 AD/CE: successful invasion by the Roman emperor Claudius.
- Languages: Celtic, Latin.
- Dominant religions: Roman polytheism, Christianity (from fourth century).
GERMANIC INVASIONS AND SETTLEMENT 410-1066 AD
- Fifth century: invasions by Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians (Bede: 449 CE).
- Eighth-Ninth centuries: Viking invasions. Danelaw in the North (e.g. Yorvik=York)
- Languages: Anglo-Saxon (Old English), Brythonic (later Welsh/Cornish), Gaelic.
- Dominant religions: Germanic polytheism, Christianity (from 7th century)
- A lot of problems (diseases, tax problems ect)
ANGLO-NORMAN AND ANGEVIN ERAS 1066-1350 AD
- 1066: Battle of Hastings. Normans led by William, Duke of Normandy.
- 1215: Magna Carta, signed by King John ‘Lackland’. Limited power king. Introduction
‘habeas corpus’ in law. (= ‘you must have a body’)
- You can’t have a trial without the person present (So they can defend
themself).
- Languages: Norman French (in politics etc.), English, Welsh, Cornish, Gaelic.
- Religion: Western Christianity (≈ Catholicism).
- 1337-1453: Hundred Years’ War. Began with Edward III trying to become King of
France. Ended in loss French domains except Channel Islands.
- After ca. 1350: switch from French to England in Parliament and Law Courts. Influx of
new French loanwords.
- 1381: Peasants’ Revolt. Contributed to abolition of serfdom.
- Ca. 1375-1400 AD: Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales.•1455-1487 AD: Wars of the
Roses. York and Lancaster united as Tudor.
- Languages: English, Welsh, Cornish, Gaelic.
- Religion: Western Christianity (≈ Catholicism).
TUDOR ENGLAND –1485-1603 AD
- 1509-1547: King Henry VIII (Anglican from 1534) kind of protestant?
- 1534: Act of Supremacy > Church of England established
- 1536: Wales annexed by England.
- 1553-1558: Mary I (Catholic)
- 1558-1603: Elizabeth I (Anglican, protestant). -> the virgin queen.
- 1560: Scots Confession > Church of Scotland established
, - 17th century: Irish plantations. Protestant settlers to establish dominance of the
English/Scottish crown.
- Languages: English, Welsh, Cornish, Gaelic.
- Religions: Catholicism, Church of England, Church of Scotland. Small Jewish community.
EARLY STUART BRITAIN –1603-1649 AD
- 1603-1625: James I king of England, Scotland and Ireland (Anglican).
- 1611: King James Bible. Attempt at unifying the Church of England.
- 1625-1649: Charles I. Conflict with parliament over royal prerogative and Catholic
sympathies. Executed after the civil war.
- Languages: English, Welsh, Cornish, Gaelic.
- Religions: Church of England, Church of Scotland, Catholicism. Small Jewish
community.
COMMONWEALTH – 1649-1660 AD
- 1639-1653: War in Scotland (began as a conflict over episcopacy).
- 1641-1653: War in Ireland: (devolved into a conflict between Catholics and
Protestants).
- 1642-1648: War in England (English Civil War between Royalists and
Parliamentarians).
- 1649-1658: Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector (Puritan).•Languages: English, Welsh,
Cornish, Gaelic. •Religions: Puritanical C of E, C of Sc, Catholicism. Small Jewish
community.
RESTORATION – 1660-1688 AD
- 1660-1685: Restoration > Charles II King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. (Anglican).
- 1685-1688: James II (Catholic). -> brother of Charles II
- 1688: ‘Glorious Revolution’ > William III and Mary II (Anglican).
- Expansion of slavery: e.g. sugarcane plantations in Jamaica (conquered 1660).
- Languages: English, Welsh, Cornish, Gaelic.
- Religions: Anglicanism, Scottish Presbyterianism, Catholicism. Small Jewish community.
THE REVOLUTION AND ITS AFTERMATH
- 1688-1702: William III and Mary II (Anglican).
- 1689: Bill of Rights: free elections (for landowners), freedom of speech in parliament,
regular meetings of parliament, having a ‘papist prince’ illegal: monarchs must be
Anglican (still the case today).
- 1690: Battle of the Boyne. William defeats James. Helped seal Protestant dominance
in Ireland, contributing to later conflict.
- 1702-1714: Anne.
- 1707: Act of Union: one parliament for England and Scotland.
- Languages: English, Welsh, Cornish, Gaelic.
- Religions: C of E, C of Sc, Catholicism. Small Jewish community.
GEORGIAN ERA – 1714-1837
- 1714-1727: George I (Anglican – like all subsequent monarchs).
- 1769: Watt improved the steam engine, accelerating the Industrial Revolution (ca. 1765-1830).
- 1775-1783: American War of Independence.
, - 1801: (Irish) Act of Union: Ireland joins the United Kingdom (previously England+Scotland; Wales wa
- 1833: Slavery abolished (1843 last slaves freed). Inequality persisted.
- George I succeeded by George II, III, IV, William IV.
- Growing middle class: demand for novels (e.g. Robinson Crusoe).
VICTORIAN ERA – 1837-1901
- 1837-1901: Victoria.
- 1828-1859: Colonisation of Australia.
- 1840: Treaty of Waitangi: New Zealand becomes a British colony.
- 1858: Start of the British Raj. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh incorporated
by the British state.
- 1876: Victoria made Empress of India.
- Vast expansion of trade and military power.
- Many religions and many languages in the Empire. Spread of Christianity and
English, making it a world language.
EDWARDIAN ERA–1901-1914
- 1901-1910: Edward VII.
- Idealisation of the Empire as a ‘civilising’ force.
- Growing social tension, yet often seen as a time of peace in the Empire and quiet
enjoyment at home – at least for the elite.
- Continued Christianisation of colonies, esp. in Africa.
THE MODERN ERA – END OF EMPIRE
- 1914-1918: Great War=First World War (involving colonies and the USA).
- 1918: Universal Male Franchise (no longer based on property).
- 1921: Irish Free State (full independence 1948). Note: Ulster/Northern Ireland
remained part of the UK.
- 1924: First Labour Prime Minister; growing influence of the working class.
- 1928: Universal Franchise (all adult men and women could vote).
- 1931: Statute of Westminster: Can., Austr. and New Zeal. largely independent.
- 1938-1945: Second World War.
- 1947: India and Pakistan independent (Sri Lanka 1972; Bangladesh independent
from Pakistan 1972).
- 1948: Arrival of the Empire Windrush: ‘Windrush generation’.
- 1948: NHS founded. Free healthcare for all (introduced under Labour govt).
THE MODERN ERA – 1950s AND BEYOND
- 1952- Present: Elizabeth II.•1950s and 1960s: large-scale migration from Caribbean,
India, Pakistan.
- 1962: Jamaica independent.
- 1973: United Kingdom joins the European Community
- 1979-1990: Margaret Thatcher Prime Minister (Conservative).
- 1982: Falklands War.
- 1990s-2016: large-scale migration from other EU countries.
- 1997-2007: Tony Blair Prime Minister (Labour).
- 1998-1999: Devolution. Assemblies in Wales, Northern Ireland and London;
Parliament in Scotland. Joint British Parliament still in London.
, - 2016: ‘Brexit’ referendum. EU membership ended in 2020.
free market = The United Kingdom has a free market within themselves, that means that
buyers and sellers are not restricted by government policy
Brexit = Inhabitants of the United Kingdom wish to leave the European Union, because of
the sometimes problematic relationship between the two.
nostalgia = Some inhabitants of Britain want back the time where the kingdom had a lot
of colonials.
neoliberal = is a movement within liberalism in which the government plays the role of
creator and maintainer of markets and competition, with an emphasis on maximising
individual freedom.
privatization = In the early 1980’s a lot of priventarization happened in the UK.
austerity = Is a set of political-economic policies that aim to reduce government budget
deficits through spending cuts, tax increases, or a combination of both. Brought in after
the Great Recession
pragmatism = Philosophical movement characterised by the focus on connecting practice
with theory.
deficit = Often used when talking about the country’s financial government debt.
conservatism = British conservatoires are called Tories.They have a blue flag. Thatcher
was very against this movement.
Margaret Thatcher = Britain first woman Prime Minister, had a Conservative government
inclusive.
stop and search = Is the power given to police to search an individual or vehicle if
they have "reasonable grounds" to suspect the person is carrying illegal drugs or a
weapon.
insular = Often used when speaking about the island of the people living on the island from
the United Kingdom.
‘enterprise culture’ = Often used when talking about the financial tactics of a country. A
capitalistic society where taking high risks in the hope of profit is encouraged.
diversity = The United Kingdom is an ethnically diverse society. 80 % of the population is
white British.
