LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 11th Edition Test Bank

LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 11th Edition Test Bank Chapter 1 1. Resources that are called nonrenewable a. are also called perpetual resources. b. are only resources that are alive. c. are capable of economic depletion. d. are only resources that are alive and that are capable of economic depletion e. none of these answers. > c 2. Hunter-gatherer environmental impacts were kept low by a. exponential growth of their populations. b. reliance on fossil fuels as an energy source. c. giving nature time to recuperate after they moved on. d. high use of resources. e. all of these answers. > c 3. The Agricultural Revolution resulted in all of the following except a. protection of wild plants and animals. b. increased soil erosion. c. increased deforestation. d. salt buildup from irrigation. e. increased desertification. > a 4. Which of the following generalizations about developing countries is true? a. They are highly industrialized. b. They have high average GNPs per person. c. They include the United States, Canada, Japan, the former Soviet Union, and European countries. d. They make up about one-tenth of the world's population. e. They use about 12% of the world's resources. > e 5. All nonrenewable resources can theoretically be a. converted to nonmetallic minerals. b. converted to renewable ones. c. exhausted or depleted. d. recycled or reused. e. used perpetually. > c 6. All of the following illustrate exponential growth except a. the king who promised to double the number of grains of wheat he put on each successive square of a checkerboard. b. human population growth. c. driving 10 mph for one minute; then 20 mph for one minute; then 30 mph for one minute; then 40 mph for one minute. d. money in a savings account. e. folding paper in half 50 times so that the thickness would reach the sun. > c 7. A major stimulus for the Industrial Revolution was a. the bubonic plague b. European wars. c. a shortage of wood. d. poverty. e. food shortage. > c 8. Pollution prevention receives about _____% of the U.S. environmental pollution budget. a. 1 b. 5 c. 10 d. 25 e. 50 > a 9. Energy use during the Industrial Revolution was based primarily on a. wood. b. solar power. c. labor by human muscle. d. labor by domesticated animals. e. nonrenewable sources. > e 10. The market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced within a country for final use during a year is the a. gross national product b. gross domestic product c. per capita GNP d. per capita GDP e. inflation-adjusted GDP > b 11. Which of the following best describes the concept of environmental degredation? a. using solar power at a rapid rate b. using oil c. cutting trees for wood products d. letting agricultural runoff cause oxygen depletion and fish kills downstream e. fertilizing crops > d 12. Which of the following statements about biodiversity is false? a. 5% of the world's land areas has been set aside to protect wildlife. b. Only half of the minimum land needed to protect wildlife has been set aside. c. Biodiversity loss has been increased because of the need to grow more crops on more land. d. Total forest area increased in the 1980s. e. Since the 1980s, there was reduced forest biodiversity due to replacement of diverse old-growth forests with tree farms. > c 13. The Agricultural Revolution is characterized by all of the following except increased a. respect for the environment. b. demand for minerals. c. spread of disease. d. pollution. e. waste production. > a 14. All of the following are broken down by biological action except a. sewage. b. litter in the environment. c. lead and mercury. d. organic garbage. e. wooden objects. > c 15. At least ten million people die annually from a. cancer and diabetes. b. heart attacks and strokes. c. malnutrition, related diseases, and contaminated drinking water. d. accidents. e. AIDS. > c 16. Poland a. hopes to have a comprehensive national environmental policy by th year 2000. b. has chosen to keep all its factories functioning to keep high employment. c. has raised energy prices. d. has raised oil and natural gas prices relative to coal prices. e. has built a network of wastewater treatment plants. > c 17. The Industrial Revolution is characterized by a shift from a. reliance on potentially renewable energy resources to reliance on nonrenewable energy resources. b. lower crop productivity to higher crop productivity c. farming employment to factory employment d. small-scale production to large-scale production. e. local production to centralized production. f. all of these answers. > f 18. Which of the following is not currently a component of the multiple-factor model to account for environmental degradation & pollution? a. population size and distribution b. science & technology c. prices which effect social and environmental costs d. politics & ethics e. none of these; all are part of the model > c 19. Which of the following pieces of evidence is likely to form the basis of an economist's opinion? a. The human population is growing exponentially. b. The rate of crop yield increases is declining. c. People are our most important resource. d. Consensus science suggests that potential global climate change, deforestation, and species loss should be taken as serious problems. e. Little is known about the health risks of the chemicals to which we are exposed. > c 20. The Industrial Revolution began in a. the United States. b. Japan. c. England. d. France. e. Germany. > c Chapter 2 21. Positive feedback loops a. accelerate change and go on infinitely. b. accelerate change and are finite. c. slow down change and go on infinitely. d. slow down change and are finite. e. are a figment of Miller's imagination. > b 22. The best way to influence a complex environmental system is by using a. quick, technological fixes. b. leverage. c. helpful synergistic interactions. d. the bottom line. e. quick, technological fixes & the bottom line. f. leverage & helpful synergistic interactions. > a 23. A feedback loop a. affects the rate of change. b. may be positive or negative. c. has at least one accumulation. d. all of these answers. e. none of these answers. > d 24. Jeffrey's science teacher had informed him that biodiversity tended to be inversely related to latitude. He lived in the temperate zones. Coniferous forests dominated the state. "I bet I'll see a lot more varieties of trees when we visit Florida during January," he thought. He was a. using inductive reasoning. b. using deductive reasoning. c. creating a generalization from specific observations. d. hypothesizing about a specific observation from a generalization. e. using inductive reasoning & creating a generalization from specific observations. f. using inductive reasoning & hypothesizing about a specific observation from a generalization. g. using deductive reasoning & creating a generalization from specific observations. h. using deductive reasoning & hypothesizing about a specific observation from a generalization. > h 25. In 1995, a pair of scientists were developing floating bacterial mats as food for rural fish farmers in the Dominican Republic. Scientist Judith Bender observed how a yellow film of slime reached down from the floating mat, surrounded a glob of toxic pesticide, and brought it to the surface. After three weeks, the chemical had been degraded. Now this process is patented and used to cleanse polluted water. This experience can be described as a. a miracle. It has nothing to do with the scientific process. b. a controlled experiment. c. field research. d. serendipity. e. consensus science. > d 26. A negative feedback loop keeping an accumulation stable is a. homeostasis b. a synergistic interaction c. leverage d. chaos. e. the Gaia hypothesis > a 27. Human mental models tend to be unreliable when a. there are few interacting variables. b. we attempt to extrapolate from many experiences to a general case. c. the consequences occur immediately following causal events. d. consequences of one event lead to other consequences. e. none of these answers. > d 28. Easter Island is best described using a. only positive feedback loops. b. only negative feedback loops. c. coupled positive and negative feedback loops. d. language other than systems language. > c 29. Complex living systems are characterized by a. homeostasis b. chaos or "noise" within overall stability c. time delays between stimulus and response. d. all of these answers. e. none of these answers. > d 30. The type of model most useful in helping us to perceive and predict events in the environmental arena is a a. mathematical model. b. mental model. c. conceptual model. d. physical model e. graphic model