NS5 5003 Midterm Exam 1 with Answers (APPROVED)

1. What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential? 2. What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? 3. In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because: 4. What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation? 5.During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, the degranulation of mast cells is a result of which receptor action? 6.What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions? 7.Type III hypersensitivity reactions are a result of which of the following? 8.Tissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibody against the host DNA is the cause of which disease? 9.Why does tissue damage occurs in acute rejection after organ transplantation? 10.Oncogenes are genes that are capable of: 11.After the baroreceptor reflex is stimulated, the resulting impulse is transmitted from the carotid artery by which sequence of events? 12.Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation? 13.What is the expected electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern when a thrombus in a coronary artery permanently lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium? 14.A patient reports sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with respiratory movement and when lying down. These clinical manifestations describe: 15.Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are a result of which respiratory mechanism? 16.Which cytokines activated in childhood asthma produce an allergic response? 17.Which statement accurately describes childhood asthma? 18.Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis? 19.What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)? 20.Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication? 21.Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? 22.What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? 23.In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces? 24.Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure? 25.At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the: 26.Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by a(n): 27.Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem? 28.Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by: 29.Carbon monoxide causes tissue damage by: 30.Which statement is true regarding the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma? 31.What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion? 32.Hemoprotein accumulations are a result of the excessive storage of: 33.Hemosiderosis is a condition that results in the excess of what substance being stored as hemosiderin in cells of many organs and tissues? 34.What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise? 35.What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells? 36.During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because: 37.In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of: 38.What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia? 39.Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular injury: 40.What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?