NUR 546/NURS 546 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Final Exam Review Sheet Covers Material from Modules 1-10 Nov 2021

Essentials of Pathophysiology – Final Exam Review Sheet Covers Material from Modules 1-10 Be sure to look over review sheets from Exam #1 and #2 – all previous information is fair game for the Final exam 1. Review the difference between homeostasis and allostasis. 2. What is epidemiology? . as well as examples for each. 3. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems. What happens to the body during “fight-or-flight” response? 4. Review the functions of the various organelles of the cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum- 5. Review the difference between active and passive immunity, know examples for each type. Active immunity 6. What is edema? 7. What is a hypersensitivity? 8. Review the differences between benign and malignant tumors. 9. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. 10. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. 11. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. 12. What role does albumin play in the blood? 13. What are the function of the kidneys? 14. What is cystic kidney disease? 15. Review the following terms: nephrons 16. Review signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI). Review causes of AKI including prerenal- S 17. What is compartment syndrome? 18. What are pressure ulcers? bedsores, are localized damage to the skin and/or underlying tissue.. How are the staged and how can we prevent them? 19. What are electrolyte reservoirs? Electrolytes come from the food and liquids you consume. What electrolytes are found stored in bones? Ca 20. Review diseases of the bone including: 21. Review disorders of the joints including: (Rheumatoid arthritis— 22. Review endocrine disorders of the pituitary gland including: 23. Review which organisms/viruses contribute to the following conditions: (Pelvic inflammatory disease- 24. What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)-- 25. Review differences between Cushings syndrome (hypercortisolism)- 26. Review the differences between hypothyroidism--- 27. Review the difference between Type 1 diabetes 28. What are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia- 29. Review the difference between primary and secondary brain injury. 30. Review causes of intracranial pressure; how does it lead to impaired neurological function? 31. What are signs or increased ICP? 32. Review the Glasgow coma scale, what is it used to assess? 33. Review the different types of stroke: ischemic-- 34. Review the difference between meningitis-- 35. Review the different types of seizures- 36. Review the etiology of cerebral palsy-- 37. What causes Parkinson’s disease? 38. What are the major mechanisms of spinal cord injury? 39. What happens with oxygen and carbon dioxide levels with hypoventilation? 40. Be able to identify normal versus abnormal ABG values— Respiratory alkalosis: high pH, low CO2 • Metabolic acidosis: low pH, low HCO3- • Metabolic alkalosis: high pH, high HCO3- • Compensated respiratory acidosis: normal pH, high CO2 • Compensated metabolic acidosis: normal pH, low HCO3- • Compensated respiratory alkalosis: normal pH, low CO2 • Compensated metabolic alkalosis: normal pH, high HCO3- 41. Review conditions that affect the lungs such as: asthma- 42. What are signs of ARDS? 43. What is a tension pneumothorax, how is it treated? 44. What is Virchow’s Triade? 45. What are different causes/types of emboli? 46. What are causes of anemia? 47. Review the following conditions of the blood including causes: (polycythemia- 48. What hormone plays a role in RBC production? 49. Review the difference between Hodgkin’s- 50. Review modifiable- 51. What is the role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in managing blood pressure? 52. What is coronary artery disease? 53. What is atherosclerosis? 54. Review the difference between (stable--- 55. (STEMI)-- ST-elevation myocardial infarction, prolonged, part of the heart dies.. non-STEMI (NSTEMI)- partially blocked arteries are found within the heart 56. What diagnostic tool is used to identify acute coronary syndrome? Catheter based coronary 57. Review the following terms: 58. Review the differences between left-sided 59. What medications are used to manage heart failure? 60. Review the signs and symptoms of shock. Review the causes of different types of shock including: anaphylactic shock- Antibiotic therapy, Peanuts and tree nuts, Insect stings, Snake bites cardiogenic shock-- Loss of consciousness, Pallor of the skin hypovolemic shock-- elevated HR, vasoconstriction, increased contractility obstructive shock- Confusion or lack of alertness, Loss of ability to concentrate, Unconsciousness, Chest pain. septic shock--- Activation of clotting cascade, DIC, Hypotension, Cellular hypoxia, Increased capillary permeability with edema formation (Distributive shock)--- abnormal distribution of blood flow, not enough oxygen-carrying blood Neurogenic shock massive vasodilation, spinal cord sympathetic nerves damage 61. What are complications of shock? 62. What are the stages of hemostasis?- initial, 63. What medications can affect hemostasis? 64. What is hemophilia?