(Answered) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)_ Complete Fall 2021
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) DESCRIPTION/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a life-threatening condition that affects your lungs and your ability to breathe. Pathophysiology is the evolution of adverse functional changes associated with a disease. For people with COPD, this starts with damage to the airways and tiny air sacs in the lungs. Symptoms progress from a cough with mucus to difficulty breathing. The damage done by COPD can’t be undone. However, there are some preventive measures you can take to lower your risk of developing COPD. (Roland, J. (2018, November 12). Signs and symptoms - • Shortness of breath, especially during physical activities • Wheezing • Chest tightness • A chronic cough that may produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear, white, yellow or greenish • Frequent respiratory infections Tobias, B. (2021, April 22). Critical Complications • (1). Respiratory failure. The acuity and the onset of respiratory failure depend on baseline pulmonary function, pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas values, comorbid conditions, and the severity of other complications of COPD. • (2) Respiratory insufficiency. This can be acute or chronic, and may necessitate ventilator support until other acute complications can be treated. • (3) Sputum production. There is a hyperstimulation of the goblet cells and the mucus-secreting gland leading to overproduction of sputum. • (4) Dyspnea on exertion. Dyspnea is usually progressive, persistent, and worsens with exercise. • (5) Chronic cough. Chronic cough is one of the primary symptoms of COPD. Tobias, B. (2021, April 22). LABS ABNORMAL NORMAL ABG pH = L 7.25 7.35 to 7.45 PaCO2 (mmHg) H 75 mmHg 35 to 45 HCO3– (mmol/L) H 30 mmol/L 21 to 28 PaO2 (mmHg) L 39 mmHg 80 to 110 Hematocrit H Men<54% Women <47% Men 40%-54% /Women 37%-47% Basic metabolic panel L 66mg/dL 70-99mg/dL (Staff, R. T. (2021, February 26). Medications • Breztri Aerosphere- Breztri Aerosphere combines 3 medicines, an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) medicine (budesonide), an anticholinergic medicine (glycopyrrolate), and a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist (LABA) medicine (formoterol fumarate) in 1 inhaler, delivered as a propelled spray. Normal Range Use 2 inhalations of Breztri Aerosphere, 2 times each day (2 puffs in the morning and 2 puffs in the evening) Side effects (1)fungal infection in your mouth or throat (thrush) (2) pneumonia. (3) increase in mucus (sputum) production (4) change in mucus color (5) fever, upper respiratory tract infection Adverse Reactions supraventricular tachycardia, palpitations, angina pectori, Glaucoma Nursing considerations Breztri Aerosphere: Uses, Side Effects, Warnings. D. (n.d.). Prednisone- is a corticosteroid. It prevents the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation. It also suppresses the immune system. Normal Range Applies to the following strengths: 10 mg; 2.5 mg; 5 mg; 20 mg; 50 mg; 1 mg; 5 mg/mL; 5 mg/5 mL; 2 mg Side effects • blurred vision, eye pain, or seeing halos around lights; • swelling, rapid weight gain, feeling short of breath; • severe depression, feelings of extreme happiness or sadness, changes in personality or behavior, seizure (convulsions); • bloody or tarry stools, coughing up blood; • pancreatitis (severe pain in your upper stomach spreading to your back, nausea and vomiting, fast heart rate); • low potassium (confusion, uneven heart rate, extreme thirst, increased urination, leg discomfort, muscle weakness or limp feeling); or • dangerously high blood pressure (severe headache, blurred vision, buzzing in your ears, anxiety, confusion, chest pain, shortness of breath, uneven heartbeats, seizure). Adverse reactions -Thrombophlebitis, embolism, Gi hemorrhage Nursing Considerations Assess -Adrenal insufficiency: nausea vomiting anorexia confusion hypotension weight loss before or during treatment HPA suppression may be precipitated by abrupt withdraw. -Potassium blood glucose urine glucose while patient receiving long term therapy: hypokalemia and hyperglycemia plasma cortisol with long term therapy normal 138-635 -weight daily: notify prescriber of weekly gain of >5 LB -B/P pulse notify prescriber of chest pain monitor for crackles dyspnea if edema is present hypertension cardiac symptoms if present -infection increased temperature WBC, even after withdrawal of medication product makes infection -potassium depletion paresthesia fatigue nausea vomiting depression polyuria dysrhythmias weakness -Mental status affect mood behavioral change aggression -pregnancy and breastfeeding use only if benefits outweigh fetal risk do not breastfeed Skid more – Roth L (2021)Mosbys (2021) Nursing Drug Reference st louis MO;Elvier Breztri Aerosphere: Uses, Side Effects, Warnings. D. (n.d.). Fluticasone inhalation -is a steroid that is used to prevent asthma attacks in adults and children. Fluticasone inhalation is sometimes used together with steroid medicine taken by mouth. Normal range INH- 88-440 mcg bid (and those previously taking bronchodilators alone) INH 88-220 MCG BID Side effects • weakness, tired feeling, nausea, vomiting, feeling like you might pass out; • wheezing, choking, or other breathing problems after using fluticasone inhalation; • blurred vision, tunnel vision, eye pain, or seeing halos around ******************************CONTINUED************************
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd is a life threatening condition that affects your lungs and your ability to breathe pathophysiology is the ev
