1. Rhinitis: etiology, pathomorphology
- Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
- Due to an upset in the balance of the normal microbial flora of the nasal cavity. can be
caused by(etiology agents) respiratory viruses, pathogenic bacteria, fungi(mycotic),
irritant gases, environmental changes(cold weather), immunosuppression, local trauma,
stress, or prolonged antibacterial therapy,allergic, parasitic, traumatic, or toxic.
- rhinitis with bronchoaspiration of exudate leading to bronchopneumonia.
- Chronic rhinitis often leads to destruction of the nasal conchae (turbinates).for example
in pig :
a. Atrophic Rhinitis (Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida). In pigs,
the mechanism of injury is (1) lysis of ciliated epithelial and stromal cells of
turbinate mucosae and (2) resulting in osteolysis of bone of the turbinates
leading to turbinate atrophy.
- nasal inflammation may extend into the sinuses causing sinusitis; into facial bones
causing osteomyelitis; through the cribriform plate causing meningitis; into the
Eustachian tubes causing otitis media or guttural pouch empyema (eustachitis) in horses
- rhinitis can be classified as serious, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous.
b. serous:mild, is characterized by hyperemia and increased production of a clear
fluid locally by serous glands present in the nasal submucosa. It is caused by mild
irritants or cold air and the early stages of viral infections or in mild allergic
reactions.
c. Catarrhal is a slightly more severe, hypersecretion of goblet cells and mucous
glands,obviously we don’t have catarrhal infection in alveolar because of no
goblet cells there.
d. purulent:neutrophilic exudate, mucosal necrosis and secondary bacterial
infection. is thick , but it can vary from white to green to brown, In severe cases,
the nasal passages are completely blocked by the exudate.
e. Fibrinous: when nasal injury causes a severe increase in vascular permeability,
resulting in abundant exudation of plasma fibrinogen, which coagulates into
fibrin. fibrin appears as a yellow, tan, or gray.
i. example: Bovine herpes 1(can cause rhinotracheitis),aspergillosis
, ii. Croupous: If this fibrinous exudate can be removed easily
iii. Diphtheritic: if the pseudomembrane is difficult to remove and leaves an
ulcerated mucosa.
f. Granulomatos :due to chronic allergic inflammation or infection with fungi ,
tuberculosis, systemic mycosis,rhinosporidiosis( is chronic granulomatous
parasitic infection caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi.)
- Consequence of rhinitis are hemorrhage, ulcers, and, in some cases, nasopharyngeal
polyps (hyperplasia) arising from inflamed mucosa
2. Sinusitis: etiology, pathomorphology
- inflammation of the sinuses is called sinusitis.
- Is a consequence of (Etiology):
a. penetrating rhinitis to sinuses or septic wounds of the nasal, frontal, maxillary,
or palatine bones;
b. improper dehorning(remove horn) in young cattle, which exposes the frontal
sinus;
c. maxillary tooth infection in horses and dogs (maxillary sinus).
- Based on the type of exudate, sinusitis is classified as serious, catarrhal, fibrinous (rare),
purulent, or granulomatous.
- Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
- Due to an upset in the balance of the normal microbial flora of the nasal cavity. can be
caused by(etiology agents) respiratory viruses, pathogenic bacteria, fungi(mycotic),
irritant gases, environmental changes(cold weather), immunosuppression, local trauma,
stress, or prolonged antibacterial therapy,allergic, parasitic, traumatic, or toxic.
- rhinitis with bronchoaspiration of exudate leading to bronchopneumonia.
- Chronic rhinitis often leads to destruction of the nasal conchae (turbinates).for example
in pig :
a. Atrophic Rhinitis (Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida). In pigs,
the mechanism of injury is (1) lysis of ciliated epithelial and stromal cells of
turbinate mucosae and (2) resulting in osteolysis of bone of the turbinates
leading to turbinate atrophy.
- nasal inflammation may extend into the sinuses causing sinusitis; into facial bones
causing osteomyelitis; through the cribriform plate causing meningitis; into the
Eustachian tubes causing otitis media or guttural pouch empyema (eustachitis) in horses
- rhinitis can be classified as serious, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous.
b. serous:mild, is characterized by hyperemia and increased production of a clear
fluid locally by serous glands present in the nasal submucosa. It is caused by mild
irritants or cold air and the early stages of viral infections or in mild allergic
reactions.
c. Catarrhal is a slightly more severe, hypersecretion of goblet cells and mucous
glands,obviously we don’t have catarrhal infection in alveolar because of no
goblet cells there.
d. purulent:neutrophilic exudate, mucosal necrosis and secondary bacterial
infection. is thick , but it can vary from white to green to brown, In severe cases,
the nasal passages are completely blocked by the exudate.
e. Fibrinous: when nasal injury causes a severe increase in vascular permeability,
resulting in abundant exudation of plasma fibrinogen, which coagulates into
fibrin. fibrin appears as a yellow, tan, or gray.
i. example: Bovine herpes 1(can cause rhinotracheitis),aspergillosis
, ii. Croupous: If this fibrinous exudate can be removed easily
iii. Diphtheritic: if the pseudomembrane is difficult to remove and leaves an
ulcerated mucosa.
f. Granulomatos :due to chronic allergic inflammation or infection with fungi ,
tuberculosis, systemic mycosis,rhinosporidiosis( is chronic granulomatous
parasitic infection caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi.)
- Consequence of rhinitis are hemorrhage, ulcers, and, in some cases, nasopharyngeal
polyps (hyperplasia) arising from inflamed mucosa
2. Sinusitis: etiology, pathomorphology
- inflammation of the sinuses is called sinusitis.
- Is a consequence of (Etiology):
a. penetrating rhinitis to sinuses or septic wounds of the nasal, frontal, maxillary,
or palatine bones;
b. improper dehorning(remove horn) in young cattle, which exposes the frontal
sinus;
c. maxillary tooth infection in horses and dogs (maxillary sinus).
- Based on the type of exudate, sinusitis is classified as serious, catarrhal, fibrinous (rare),
purulent, or granulomatous.
