Inhoud
Chapter 1 – Ecology of the child..................................................................................................................5
1.1 Ecology and child development.........................................................................................................6
1.2 Socialization and Child Development.................................................................................................6
1.3 Socialization as a Unique human process..........................................................................................6
1.4 Socialization as a reciprocal dynamic process....................................................................................7
1.4a Genetics.......................................................................................................................................7
1.4b Temperament..............................................................................................................................8
1.4c Maturation...................................................................................................................................8
1.5 Intentional and Unintentional Socialization.......................................................................................8
1.6 Change, Challenge, and Socialization.................................................................................................8
1.6a Change and the Concept of Childhood.........................................................................................9
1.6b Change, Adaptation, and Socialization.........................................................................................9
1.7 - Scientific theory and the bioecological model of human development: a major socialization
theory......................................................................................................................................................9
1.8 Ecological systems and socialization................................................................................................10
1.8b Mesosystems.............................................................................................................................11
1.8c Exosystems.....................................................................................................................................11
1.8d Macrosystems................................................................................................................................12
1.9 The Chronosystem: Interaction of Ecological Systems over Time....................................................13
1.9a Chronosystem Effects: The Past.................................................................................................13
1.9b Chronosystem Effects: The Present...........................................................................................13
1.9c Chronosystem effects: The Future.............................................................................................14
1.10 Examining the Well-being of children............................................................................................14
Berns H2 Ecology of Socialization..............................................................................................................15
2.1 Socialization Processes....................................................................................................................16
2.2 Aims of Socialization........................................................................................................................17
2.2a Develop a Self-Concept..............................................................................................................17
2.2b Enable Self-regulation....................................................................................................................19
2.2c Empower Achievement (Verwezenlijken Van prestaties, en hoe beslis je wat je later als
volwassenen gaat doen)........................................................................................................................20
2.3 Agents of Socialization (who was significant in shaping you?).............................................................21
2.3a Family (how did your family influence who your are?)..................................................................21
, 2.3b School and Child Care....................................................................................................................23
2.3c Peers..............................................................................................................................................24
2-3d Mass Media...................................................................................................................................24
2-3e Community....................................................................................................................................25
2.4 Affective Methods of Socialization.......................................................................................................26
2.5 Operant methods of socialization........................................................................................................27
2.5a Reinforcement...............................................................................................................................27
2.5b Extinction.......................................................................................................................................27
2.5c Punishment....................................................................................................................................28
2.5d Feedback........................................................................................................................................28
2.5e learning by doing...........................................................................................................................28
2.6 Observational Methods of Socialization..............................................................................................28
2.6a Modeling........................................................................................................................................28
2.7 Cognitive Methods of Socialization......................................................................................................29
2.7a Instruction......................................................................................................................................29
2.7b setting standards...........................................................................................................................29
2.7c Reasoning.......................................................................................................................................29
2.8 Sociocultural methods of socialization................................................................................................30
2.8b Tradition........................................................................................................................................31
2.8c Rituals and Routines.......................................................................................................................31
2-8d Symbols.........................................................................................................................................31
2.9 Apprenticeship Methods of Socialization............................................................................................31
2.10 Outcomes of Socialization..................................................................................................................32
2-10a Values (what matters to you?).....................................................................................................32
2.10b Attitudes (views on racial profiling).............................................................................................32
2.10c Motives and attributions (what efforts and activities do you engage in to be successful?).........33
2.10d Self-esteem (how do you feel about yourself?)...........................................................................33
2.10e Self-regulation/ behavior (how do you keep yourself under control?)........................................33
2.10f Morals...........................................................................................................................................33
2.10g Gender Roles................................................................................................................................33
Berns H4 - Ecology of parenting.................................................................................................................34
4.1 About parenting...............................................................................................................................34
4.2 Macrosystem influences on Parenting: Political Ideology................................................................34
, 4.3 Macrosystem influence on parenting: Socioeconomic status..........................................................34
4.4 Macrosystem influence on parenting: culture, ethnicity, and religion............................................35
4.5 Chronosystem influences on parenting...........................................................................................36
4.6 Family Dynamics and Changes over Time........................................................................................37
4.7 Parenting styles................................................................................................................................38
4.8 Microsystem influences on parenting style: interactions between parent and child......................38
4.9 Mesosystem influences on parenting style: interactions between parents and others...................41
4.10 Appropriate Parenting Practices....................................................................................................41
4.11 Inappropriate parenting practices.................................................................................................42
4.11a Child maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect......................................................................................43
10 Ecology of the community....................................................................................................................45
10.1 Community: Structure and functions.............................................................................................45
10.2 The community’s influence on Socialization..................................................................................45
10.3 The community as a learning environment...................................................................................47
10.4 The community as a support system.............................................................................................47
10.5 Macrosystem influences on community services...........................................................................47
10.6 Preventive, supportive, and rehabilitative services.......................................................................47
10.7 Creating caring communities.........................................................................................................48
10.8 Mesosystem influence: linking community services to families and schools.................................49
10.9 Community involvement: volunteerism.........................................................................................49
10.10 Community involvement: advocacy.............................................................................................50
Chapter 3 – Ecology of the family..............................................................................................................50
3.1 Family systems: basic structures......................................................................................................50
3.2 Family systems: basic functions.......................................................................................................52
3.2a Functional family changes..........................................................................................................52
3.3 Family transitions: structural/functional changes............................................................................53
3.3a Divorce.......................................................................................................................................53
3.3b Child custody arrangements......................................................................................................54
3.3c Stepfamilies................................................................................................................................54
3.3d Families of adopted children......................................................................................................55
3.3e Dual-Earner families...................................................................................................................55
3.4 Families of diverse parents..............................................................................................................55
3.4a families of unmarried parents....................................................................................................55
, 3.4b Interethnic (racial) and interfaith (religious) families................................................................55
3.4c Families of Same-sex parents.....................................................................................................55
3.5 Macrosystem influences on families and children: socioeconomic status.......................................55
3.5a Social class differences...............................................................................................................55
3.5b Social class socialization theories...............................................................................................56
3.6 Macrosystem influences on families: ethnic orientation.................................................................57
3.6a Cultural orientation and socialization differences......................................................................58
3.7 Macrosystem influences on families: religious orientation..............................................................58
3.8 Chronosystem influences on families: political................................................................................59
3.8a immigration policies...................................................................................................................59
3.8b foreign policies...........................................................................................................................59
3.8c domestic policies........................................................................................................................59
3.9 Chronosystem influences on families: economic.............................................................................59
3.10 Chronosystem influences on families: Technological.....................................................................59
3.11 Meeting the challenge of change: family empowerment..............................................................59
Chapter 5 –Ecology of nonparental child care...........................................................................................61
5.1 - Nonparental child care..................................................................................................................61
5.1a - components of optimal quality care........................................................................................61
5.2 Macrosystem influences on nonparental childcare.........................................................................62
5.3 Chronosystem influences on nonparental child care: research concerns........................................62
5.4 Nonparental child care and psychological development.................................................................62
5.5 Nonparental child care and social development..............................................................................63
5.6 Nonparental child care and cognitive development........................................................................63
5.6a Intervention programs for children who are disadvantaged......................................................63
5.7 Mesosystem influences on nonparental child care..........................................................................63
5.7a School and community involvement in nonparental child care.................................................63
5.7b Government and business involvement in nonparental child care............................................63
5.8 Nonparental child care and socialization outcomes........................................................................64
5.8a some quality nonparental child-care curriculum models and socialization outcomes...............64
The cognitively oriented curriculum (learner-directed).....................................................................64
The direct instruction curriculum.......................................................................................................65
The Montessori curriculum................................................................................................................65
The developmental interaction curriculum........................................................................................66
Chapter 1 – Ecology of the child..................................................................................................................5
1.1 Ecology and child development.........................................................................................................6
1.2 Socialization and Child Development.................................................................................................6
1.3 Socialization as a Unique human process..........................................................................................6
1.4 Socialization as a reciprocal dynamic process....................................................................................7
1.4a Genetics.......................................................................................................................................7
1.4b Temperament..............................................................................................................................8
1.4c Maturation...................................................................................................................................8
1.5 Intentional and Unintentional Socialization.......................................................................................8
1.6 Change, Challenge, and Socialization.................................................................................................8
1.6a Change and the Concept of Childhood.........................................................................................9
1.6b Change, Adaptation, and Socialization.........................................................................................9
1.7 - Scientific theory and the bioecological model of human development: a major socialization
theory......................................................................................................................................................9
1.8 Ecological systems and socialization................................................................................................10
1.8b Mesosystems.............................................................................................................................11
1.8c Exosystems.....................................................................................................................................11
1.8d Macrosystems................................................................................................................................12
1.9 The Chronosystem: Interaction of Ecological Systems over Time....................................................13
1.9a Chronosystem Effects: The Past.................................................................................................13
1.9b Chronosystem Effects: The Present...........................................................................................13
1.9c Chronosystem effects: The Future.............................................................................................14
1.10 Examining the Well-being of children............................................................................................14
Berns H2 Ecology of Socialization..............................................................................................................15
2.1 Socialization Processes....................................................................................................................16
2.2 Aims of Socialization........................................................................................................................17
2.2a Develop a Self-Concept..............................................................................................................17
2.2b Enable Self-regulation....................................................................................................................19
2.2c Empower Achievement (Verwezenlijken Van prestaties, en hoe beslis je wat je later als
volwassenen gaat doen)........................................................................................................................20
2.3 Agents of Socialization (who was significant in shaping you?).............................................................21
2.3a Family (how did your family influence who your are?)..................................................................21
, 2.3b School and Child Care....................................................................................................................23
2.3c Peers..............................................................................................................................................24
2-3d Mass Media...................................................................................................................................24
2-3e Community....................................................................................................................................25
2.4 Affective Methods of Socialization.......................................................................................................26
2.5 Operant methods of socialization........................................................................................................27
2.5a Reinforcement...............................................................................................................................27
2.5b Extinction.......................................................................................................................................27
2.5c Punishment....................................................................................................................................28
2.5d Feedback........................................................................................................................................28
2.5e learning by doing...........................................................................................................................28
2.6 Observational Methods of Socialization..............................................................................................28
2.6a Modeling........................................................................................................................................28
2.7 Cognitive Methods of Socialization......................................................................................................29
2.7a Instruction......................................................................................................................................29
2.7b setting standards...........................................................................................................................29
2.7c Reasoning.......................................................................................................................................29
2.8 Sociocultural methods of socialization................................................................................................30
2.8b Tradition........................................................................................................................................31
2.8c Rituals and Routines.......................................................................................................................31
2-8d Symbols.........................................................................................................................................31
2.9 Apprenticeship Methods of Socialization............................................................................................31
2.10 Outcomes of Socialization..................................................................................................................32
2-10a Values (what matters to you?).....................................................................................................32
2.10b Attitudes (views on racial profiling).............................................................................................32
2.10c Motives and attributions (what efforts and activities do you engage in to be successful?).........33
2.10d Self-esteem (how do you feel about yourself?)...........................................................................33
2.10e Self-regulation/ behavior (how do you keep yourself under control?)........................................33
2.10f Morals...........................................................................................................................................33
2.10g Gender Roles................................................................................................................................33
Berns H4 - Ecology of parenting.................................................................................................................34
4.1 About parenting...............................................................................................................................34
4.2 Macrosystem influences on Parenting: Political Ideology................................................................34
, 4.3 Macrosystem influence on parenting: Socioeconomic status..........................................................34
4.4 Macrosystem influence on parenting: culture, ethnicity, and religion............................................35
4.5 Chronosystem influences on parenting...........................................................................................36
4.6 Family Dynamics and Changes over Time........................................................................................37
4.7 Parenting styles................................................................................................................................38
4.8 Microsystem influences on parenting style: interactions between parent and child......................38
4.9 Mesosystem influences on parenting style: interactions between parents and others...................41
4.10 Appropriate Parenting Practices....................................................................................................41
4.11 Inappropriate parenting practices.................................................................................................42
4.11a Child maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect......................................................................................43
10 Ecology of the community....................................................................................................................45
10.1 Community: Structure and functions.............................................................................................45
10.2 The community’s influence on Socialization..................................................................................45
10.3 The community as a learning environment...................................................................................47
10.4 The community as a support system.............................................................................................47
10.5 Macrosystem influences on community services...........................................................................47
10.6 Preventive, supportive, and rehabilitative services.......................................................................47
10.7 Creating caring communities.........................................................................................................48
10.8 Mesosystem influence: linking community services to families and schools.................................49
10.9 Community involvement: volunteerism.........................................................................................49
10.10 Community involvement: advocacy.............................................................................................50
Chapter 3 – Ecology of the family..............................................................................................................50
3.1 Family systems: basic structures......................................................................................................50
3.2 Family systems: basic functions.......................................................................................................52
3.2a Functional family changes..........................................................................................................52
3.3 Family transitions: structural/functional changes............................................................................53
3.3a Divorce.......................................................................................................................................53
3.3b Child custody arrangements......................................................................................................54
3.3c Stepfamilies................................................................................................................................54
3.3d Families of adopted children......................................................................................................55
3.3e Dual-Earner families...................................................................................................................55
3.4 Families of diverse parents..............................................................................................................55
3.4a families of unmarried parents....................................................................................................55
, 3.4b Interethnic (racial) and interfaith (religious) families................................................................55
3.4c Families of Same-sex parents.....................................................................................................55
3.5 Macrosystem influences on families and children: socioeconomic status.......................................55
3.5a Social class differences...............................................................................................................55
3.5b Social class socialization theories...............................................................................................56
3.6 Macrosystem influences on families: ethnic orientation.................................................................57
3.6a Cultural orientation and socialization differences......................................................................58
3.7 Macrosystem influences on families: religious orientation..............................................................58
3.8 Chronosystem influences on families: political................................................................................59
3.8a immigration policies...................................................................................................................59
3.8b foreign policies...........................................................................................................................59
3.8c domestic policies........................................................................................................................59
3.9 Chronosystem influences on families: economic.............................................................................59
3.10 Chronosystem influences on families: Technological.....................................................................59
3.11 Meeting the challenge of change: family empowerment..............................................................59
Chapter 5 –Ecology of nonparental child care...........................................................................................61
5.1 - Nonparental child care..................................................................................................................61
5.1a - components of optimal quality care........................................................................................61
5.2 Macrosystem influences on nonparental childcare.........................................................................62
5.3 Chronosystem influences on nonparental child care: research concerns........................................62
5.4 Nonparental child care and psychological development.................................................................62
5.5 Nonparental child care and social development..............................................................................63
5.6 Nonparental child care and cognitive development........................................................................63
5.6a Intervention programs for children who are disadvantaged......................................................63
5.7 Mesosystem influences on nonparental child care..........................................................................63
5.7a School and community involvement in nonparental child care.................................................63
5.7b Government and business involvement in nonparental child care............................................63
5.8 Nonparental child care and socialization outcomes........................................................................64
5.8a some quality nonparental child-care curriculum models and socialization outcomes...............64
The cognitively oriented curriculum (learner-directed).....................................................................64
The direct instruction curriculum.......................................................................................................65
The Montessori curriculum................................................................................................................65
The developmental interaction curriculum........................................................................................66
