Anatomy & Physiology
,OpenStax College
Rice University
6100 Main Street MS-375
Houston, Texas 77005
To learn more about OpenStax College, visit http://openstaxcollege.org.
Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website.
© 2013 by Rice University. The textbook content was produced by OpenStax College and is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License. Under this license, any user of the textbook or the textbook contents herein must provide proper
attribution as follows:
- If you redistribute this textbook in a digital format (including but not limited to EPUB, PDF, and HTML), then you must
retain on every page view the following attribution: Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/.
- If you redistribute this textbook in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:
Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/.
- If you redistribute part of this textbook, then you must display on every digital format page view (including but not limited to
EPUB, PDF, and HTML) and on every physical printed page the following attribution: Download for free at
http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/.
- If you use this textbook as a bibliographic reference, then you should cite it as follows: OpenStax College, Anatomy &
Physiology. OpenStax College. 25 April 2013. <http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/>.
The OpenStax College name, OpenStax College logo, OpenStax College book covers, OpenStax CNX name, OpenStax CNX logo,
Connexions name, and Connexions logo are not subject to the license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written
consent of Rice University.
For questions regarding this license, please contact .
ISBN-10 1938168135
ISBN-13 978-1-938168-13-0
Revision AP-1-001-DW
,OpenStax College
OpenStax College is a non-profit organization committed to improving student access to quality learning materials. Our free textbooks
are developed and peer-reviewed by educators to ensure they are readable, accurate, and meet the scope and sequence requirements
of modern college courses. Through our partnerships with companies and foundations committed to reducing costs for students,
OpenStax College is working to improve access to higher education for all.
OpenStax CNX
The technology platform supporting OpenStax College is OpenStax CNX (http://cnx.org), one of the world’s first and largest open-
education projects. OpenStax CNX provides students with free online and low-cost print editions of the OpenStax College library and
provides instructors with tools to customize the content so that they can have the perfect book for their course.
Rice University
OpenStax College and OpenStax CNX are initiatives of Rice University. As a leading
research university with a distinctive commitment to undergraduate education, Rice
University aspires to path-breaking research, unsurpassed teaching, and contributions to the
betterment of our world. It seeks to fulfill this mission by cultivating a diverse community of
learning and discovery that produces leaders across the spectrum of human endeavor.
Foundation Support
OpenStax College is grateful for the tremendous support of our sponsors. Without their strong engagement, the goal of free access to
high-quality textbooks would remain just a dream.
Laura and John Arnold Foundation (LJAF) actively seeks opportunities to invest in organizations
and thought leaders that have a sincere interest in implementing fundamental changes that not only
yield immediate gains, but also repair broken systems for future generations. LJAF currently focuses
its strategic investments on education, criminal justice, research integrity, and public accountability.
The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation has been making grants since 1967 to help solve social
and environmental problems at home and around the world. The Foundation concentrates its
resources on activities in education, the environment, global development and population,
performing arts, and philanthropy, and makes grants to support disadvantaged communities in the
San Francisco Bay Area.
Guided by the belief that every life has equal value, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation works to
help all people lead healthy, productive lives. In developing countries, it focuses on improving
people’s health with vaccines and other life-saving tools and giving them the chance to lift
themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty. In the United States, it seeks to significantly improve
education so that all young people have the opportunity to reach their full potential. Based in Seattle,
Washington, the foundation is led by CEO Jeff Raikes and Co-chair William H. Gates Sr., under the
direction of Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.
The Maxfield Foundation supports projects with potential for high impact in science, education,
sustainability, and other areas of social importance.
Our mission at the Twenty Million Minds Foundation is to grow access and success by eliminating
unnecessary hurdles to affordability. We support the creation, sharing, and proliferation of more
effective, more affordable educational content by leveraging disruptive technologies, open educational
resources, and new models for collaboration between for-profit, nonprofit, and public entities.
,
,OpenStax College
Rice University
6100 Main Street MS-375
Houston, Texas 77005
To learn more about OpenStax College, visit http://openstaxcollege.org.
Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website.
© 2013 by Rice University. The textbook content was produced by OpenStax College and is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License. Under this license, any user of the textbook or the textbook contents herein must provide proper
attribution as follows:
- If you redistribute this textbook in a digital format (including but not limited to EPUB, PDF, and HTML), then you must
retain on every page view the following attribution: Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/.
- If you redistribute this textbook in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:
Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/.
- If you redistribute part of this textbook, then you must display on every digital format page view (including but not limited to
EPUB, PDF, and HTML) and on every physical printed page the following attribution: Download for free at
http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/.
- If you use this textbook as a bibliographic reference, then you should cite it as follows: OpenStax College, Anatomy &
Physiology. OpenStax College. 25 April 2013. <http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/>.
The OpenStax College name, OpenStax College logo, OpenStax College book covers, OpenStax CNX name, OpenStax CNX logo,
Connexions name, and Connexions logo are not subject to the license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written
consent of Rice University.
For questions regarding this license, please contact .
ISBN-10 1938168135
ISBN-13 978-1-938168-13-0
Revision AP-1-001-DW
,OpenStax College
OpenStax College is a non-profit organization committed to improving student access to quality learning materials. Our free textbooks
are developed and peer-reviewed by educators to ensure they are readable, accurate, and meet the scope and sequence requirements
of modern college courses. Through our partnerships with companies and foundations committed to reducing costs for students,
OpenStax College is working to improve access to higher education for all.
OpenStax CNX
The technology platform supporting OpenStax College is OpenStax CNX (http://cnx.org), one of the world’s first and largest open-
education projects. OpenStax CNX provides students with free online and low-cost print editions of the OpenStax College library and
provides instructors with tools to customize the content so that they can have the perfect book for their course.
Rice University
OpenStax College and OpenStax CNX are initiatives of Rice University. As a leading
research university with a distinctive commitment to undergraduate education, Rice
University aspires to path-breaking research, unsurpassed teaching, and contributions to the
betterment of our world. It seeks to fulfill this mission by cultivating a diverse community of
learning and discovery that produces leaders across the spectrum of human endeavor.
Foundation Support
OpenStax College is grateful for the tremendous support of our sponsors. Without their strong engagement, the goal of free access to
high-quality textbooks would remain just a dream.
Laura and John Arnold Foundation (LJAF) actively seeks opportunities to invest in organizations
and thought leaders that have a sincere interest in implementing fundamental changes that not only
yield immediate gains, but also repair broken systems for future generations. LJAF currently focuses
its strategic investments on education, criminal justice, research integrity, and public accountability.
The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation has been making grants since 1967 to help solve social
and environmental problems at home and around the world. The Foundation concentrates its
resources on activities in education, the environment, global development and population,
performing arts, and philanthropy, and makes grants to support disadvantaged communities in the
San Francisco Bay Area.
Guided by the belief that every life has equal value, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation works to
help all people lead healthy, productive lives. In developing countries, it focuses on improving
people’s health with vaccines and other life-saving tools and giving them the chance to lift
themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty. In the United States, it seeks to significantly improve
education so that all young people have the opportunity to reach their full potential. Based in Seattle,
Washington, the foundation is led by CEO Jeff Raikes and Co-chair William H. Gates Sr., under the
direction of Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.
The Maxfield Foundation supports projects with potential for high impact in science, education,
sustainability, and other areas of social importance.
Our mission at the Twenty Million Minds Foundation is to grow access and success by eliminating
unnecessary hurdles to affordability. We support the creation, sharing, and proliferation of more
effective, more affordable educational content by leveraging disruptive technologies, open educational
resources, and new models for collaboration between for-profit, nonprofit, and public entities.
,
