NR328 Final Exam (162 Q/A) / NR 328 Final Exam (Latest-2021): Chamberlain College of Nursing |100% Correct Q & A, Download to Secure HIGHSCORE|

NR328 Final Exam (162 Q/A) / NR 328 Final Exam (Latest-2021): Chamberlain College of Nursing |100% Correct Q & A, Download to Secure HIGHSCORE| NR328 Final Exam ( 162 Q/A) / NR 328 Final Exam (Latest): Chamberlain College of Nursing 1. (TCO 1) Which of the following is the best example of an off-time event that could have negative effects upon an individual's development? @ Chapter 1, page 8 a. The deaths of elderly parents b. Being divorced at the age of 25 *c. The death of one's spouse at the age of 30 d. Experiencing a life-threatening illness at the age of 60 2. (TCO 1)Adults in London, England, who were teenagers living there during the bombings of World War II all report that their lives were changed by those events. This exemplifies which of the following? @ Chapter 1, page 8 a. Normative age-graded changes b. Normative critical periods *c. Normative history-graded changes d. Non-normative life events 3. (TCO 1)Which of the following is a finding of Glen Elder, et al., on individuals who grew up during the Great Depression? @ Chapter 1, page 9 a. The cohort born in 1920 suffered more than the cohort born in 1928. b. Teenaged girls were more likely than teenaged boys to be forced into the workplace prematurely because of economic hardship. *c. Teenagers whose families experienced severe economic difficulty assumed adult responsibility prematurely. d. The adolescents who were forced prematurely into the workforce were better adjusted as adults. 4. (TCO 1)The Maple Leaf Elementary School counselor, social worker, and the parents of 8-year-old Jimmy Jackson are working as a cooperative team to determine why Jimmy exhibits a pattern of highly aggressive behavior toward his peers and teachers. Jimmy's behavior has been extensively observed, he has been subjected to a battery of psychological tests, and his parents have been interviewed. This in-depth examination of Jimmy Jackson is an example of @ Chapter 1, page 12 a. an ethnograph. b. naturalistic observation. c. a correlational study. *d. a case study. 5. (TCO 1) Of the following, which is the best example of naturalistic observation? @ Chapter 1, page 11 a. The school psychologist has administered aptitude tests to the sophomore class of Martin Luther King, Jr. High School. b. A researcher interested in the effects of caffeine upon learning provides high-caffeine drinks to an experimental group who are being taught a complicated game and provides caffeine-free drinks to a control group who are being taught the same game. c. A serial killer is subjected to a battery of psychological exams and intensive interviews in an effort to determine the factors that influenced his developmental pathway to homicidal behavior. *d. Researchers interested in children's gender-related interactions videotape children while they are playing during recess and while they are engaged in cooperative learning assignments in their classrooms. 6. (TCO 1)Researchers have found that children born to mothers who smoke during and after pregnancy are more likely to develop respiratory illness. This is an example of which of the following? @ Chapter 1, page 13 a. A negative correlation b. An experimental finding c. A strong correlation *d. A positive correlation 7.(TCO 1)An experiment is designed to study the effects of long lectures on the sleeping behavior of college students. In such a study, the dependent variable is @ Chapter 1, page 14 *a. sleeping behavior of college students. b. long lectures. c. the length of time a lecture runs. d. college students. 8. (TCO 1)You are a taking part in a survey that asks about your attitudes toward physical punishment of children. Even though you believe that spanking is sometimes necessary, you answer that you are opposed to any sort of physical punishment. Which of the following terms best describes why you answered the way that you did? @ Chapter 1, page 13 *a. Social desirability b. Experimenter bias c. Randomness d. Sample representation 9. (TCO 1)Researchers designed an experiment to study the effects of a professor's sense of humor on enrollment numbers. What is the independent variable in this study? @ Chapter 1, page 14 a. The college professor *b. The college professor's sense of humor c. Students considering attending college d. The number of students who enroll 10. (TCO 1)Jada saw some money on the kitchen table. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from it. Which part of Jada's personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money? @ Chapter 2, page 24 *a. Superego b. Ego c. Unconscious d. Id 11. (TCO 1)According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following best demonstrates the functioning of the id? @ Chapter 2, page 24 a. "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" b. Restraining your desire to have a hot fudge sundae *c. Stealing a CD because you really want it d. Planning to seduce a sexual partner 12. (TCO 1)Which of the following is the most correct statement regarding repressed memories? @ Chapter 2, page 25 a. Most adults who were abused as children have no recollection of the abuse. b. The best way to get at repressed memories is for the therapist to suggest that such memories exist. c. It is highly unlikely that false memories will be retrieved because of the inaccuracy of human memory. *d. The perpetrators of abuse are more likely to forget the incidents than are the victims. 13. (TCO 2) Elsa was frequently neglected as a child. As an infant, she would be left in wet diapers, and she was not fed on a regular schedule. Which of the following crises was not properly resolved? @ Chapter 2,page 26 a. Industry versus inferiority b. Autonomy versus shame and doubt *c. Trust versus mistrust d. Initiative versus guilt 14. (TCO 2) Which factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant's first psychosocial task? @ Chapter 2,page 26 a. Learning to control bodily sensations or developing shame if unsuccessful b. Becoming aware of pleasurable genital sensations and sharing these sensations with others c. Becoming purposeful, goal oriented, and assertive, which leads to conflicts with parents *d. Being treated lovingly and predictably by caregivers and learning to trust 15.(TCO 2)Carolyn is thinking of her children and what they are to become. She wants to see her children succeed and raise healthy families of their own. Carolyn spends more and more time thinking about how best to help her children be good people who contribute to society. Which of Erikson's stages would Carolyn most likely be experiencing? @ Chapter 2,page 27 a. Identity versus role confusion b. Integrity versus despair c. Intimacy versus isolation *d. Generativity versus stagnation 16.(TCO 2) In classical conditioning, if the sour taste of lemon juice automatically causes your mouth to pucker, the lemon juice is the _____ and the pucker of lips and tongue is the _____. @ Chapter 2,page 29 a. conditional stimulus; conditioned response b. punishment; conditioned response *c. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response d. conditional stimulus; unconditioned response 17. (TCO 2)If you are teaching a child to produce a reflexive response following a nonreflexive stimulus, which method of learning are you employing? @ Chapter 2,page 29 a. Observational learning *b. Classical conditioning c. Response-reward learning d. Operant conditioning 18. (TCO 2)Classical conditioning plays an important role in which of the following? @ Chapter 2, page 29 a. Intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcements for learning b. The development of social skills such as courtesy and patience *c. The development of emotional responses such as anxiety or embarrassment d. Differentiated and effective strategies for problem solving and negotiating a complex environment 19. (TCO 2)A boy is pestering his mother for candy in the grocery store, whining for 10 minutes and saying things like, "I want candy! Please? Just this once! Oh, come on, Mom, please?" His mother ignores him for 10 minutes, but finally gives in and says, "Oh, all right. Here it is. Just stop whining!" If the boy engages in more whining in the future, and the mother gives in even more easily, which of the following would apply to the mother? @ Chapter 2, page 30 a. Negative punishment b. Positive punishment *c. Negative reinforcement d. Positive reinforcement 20. (TCO 2)Miguel is expected to clean his room and to empty all trash in the house. When Miguel forgets his chores, he is grounded. Which of the following has been appropriately applied if Miguel remembers to do his chores? @ Chapter 2, page30 *a. Punishment b. Negative reinforcement c. Positive reinforcement d. Extinction 21. (TCO 2)Which of the following is the best example of extinction? @ Chapter 2,page 31 a. You change to a different slot machine because the one that you've been playing doesn't pay very often. b. You stop buying lottery tickets until the jackpot is greater than $10 million. *c. You stop buying lottery tickets after spending several hundred dollars and never winning. d. You purchase mega bucks tickets instead of regular lottery tickets because the odds of winning are greater. 22.(TCO 2) Niko plans to go to a good college. He seems unconcerned about competitive admissions policies because he believes that if he studies hard, he can get in wherever he wants. Bandura would consider this an example of which of the following? @ Chapter 2,page 31 a. A self-fulfilling prophecy b. Delayed gratification c. A positive self-image *d. Self-efficacy 23.(TCO 2)Which of these best illustrates the principles of social-cognitive theory? @ Chapter 2,page 32 a. Shelby misses her curfew by 1 hour and is grounded by her parents for 1 week, yet she continues to miss curfew. *b. When Marla responds angrily to a request from her daughter Bess, Bess' sister Treva, who observed this response, decides she will wait a day or two before asking for a new stereo. c. Shea seeks advice from a chat forum on the Internet about her recurring headaches. d. As a result of the role conflict between her parental responsibilities and her need for personal development, Irina decides to drop out of college for a semester. 24.(TCO 2) Babies frequently engage in repetitive actions using their hands and their eyes. Which of the following statements best explains this behavior? @ Chapter 2, page 33 a. The theory that says that children are born with a mind that is a blank slate waiting to be written upon b. The theory that says that infants' brains are underdeveloped at birth and there is no purpose or meaning to their actions *c. The theory that infants rely on their basic biological senses to explore and learn about the world d. Piaget's theory of accommodation 25. (TCO 2) What is the difference between gametes and all other body cells? @ Chapter 3, page49 *a. Gametes contain only 23 chromosomes; other body cells contain 46. b. Normal body cells have 46 pairs of chromosomes, and sex cells have 23 pairs of autosomes. c. Sex cells are called gametes, and normal body cells are called autosomes. d. Gametes contain 46 chromosomes; other body cells contain 23 pairs. 26. (TCO 2)Which of the following statements is true regarding prenatal sex differentiation? @ Chapter 3, page50 *a. Sex differentiation begins at around 4–8 weeks of gestation. b. If androgens are present, female genitalia develop regardless of the chromosomal makeup of the fetus. c. In the absence of the SRX gene, an XY fetus will develop female genitalia. d. The absence of a Y chromosome will ensure the development of male genitalia. 27. (TCOs 2 and 3) Which of the following terms describes an individual's unique genetic blueprint, which is created from genes contributed by both parents? @ Chapter 3, page 51 a. Phenotype *b. Genotype c. Karyotype d. DNA 28. (TCOs 2 and 3) Meko has dark hair and dark eyes, even though his biological mother is fair skinned. Meko's hair and eye color are part of his @ Chapter 3,page 51 a. genotype. b. embryonic cell map. c. polygenic factoring. *d. phenotype. 29 (TCOs 2 and 3) Which of the following is true of a trait controlled by a dominant gene? @ Chapter 3,page 52 *a. The trait will be expressed even if the instructions of the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair are different. b. The trait may or may not be expressed, depending upon whether environmental conditions facilitate or prevent the expression of the trait. c. The trait will always be a positive, beneficial trait. d. The trait will be expressed only if the instructions of the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair are the same. 30. (TCOs 2 and 3) Phyllip has red hair, which comes from a recessive gene. This must mean that Phyllip received the gene from @ Chapter 3, page52 a. his mother. b. his father. *c. both parents. er parent (environmental causes). 31. (TCOs 2 and 3) Which of the following terms describes physical traits that are influenced by both genes and the environment? @ Chapter 3, page 54 a. Polygenetic b. Dominant-Recessive c. Epifactorial *d. Multifactorial 32. (TCOs 2 and 3) Samson is taller and has a higher IQ than either of his parents. Which of the following terms would be used to explain this? @ Chapter 3,page 54 a. Adoption *b. Multifactorial inheritance c. Environmentally influenced inheritance d. Polygenetic inheritance 33. (TCOs 2 and 3) Janae and Sean are siblings who come from a family with a history of anxiety. Janae is somewhat anxious but generally takes things in stride. Sean, however, is always concerned about his health, his job, and his family even when there is no reason. Which of the following concepts proposed by Michael Rutter best explains the difference between Janae and Sean? @ Chapter 3,page 54 a. Epilogical genetics b. Dominant and recessive traits *c. Multifactorial inheritance d. Mitochondrial inheritance 34. (TCOs 2 and 3) Which of the following is an autosomal dominant disorder? @ Chapter 3, page 56 *a. Huntington's disease b.Phenylketonuria c.Sickle-cell disease d. Tay-Sachs disease 35. (TCOs 2 and 3) Which of the following is caused by a gene on the X chromosome? @ Chapter 3, page56 *a. Tay-Sachs disease b. Color blindness c. PKU d. Sickle-cell disease 36. (TCOs 2 and 3) Phenylketonuria is an example of which of the following? @ Chapter 3, page55 a. A sex-linked recessive disorder b. A disorder of immune function *c. An autosomal disorder d. A gamete disorder 37. (TCOs 2 and 3) Which of the following happens during the first trimester of pregnancy? @ Chapter 3, page 58 a. Chemical messages are sent to the brain to start menstruation. b. A woman can no longer tell if she's pregnant by using a urine test. *c. The cervix thins and begins to stretch. d. The zygote implants itself in the lining of the uterus. 38. (TCOs 2 and 3) Not long after Gloria found out she was pregnant, she began having pain. When she went to her doctor, she was told that the zygote had implanted in her fallopian tube rather than in her uterus. What type of pregnancy is this? @ Chapter 3, pages 58–59 a. A fallopial pregnancy b. A zygotic pregnancy *c. An ectopic pregnancy d. An interstitial pregnancy 39. (TCO 2) Which of the following is associated with the second trimester of pregnancy? @ Chapter 3,page 59 a. Formation of a mucusplug to seal the entrance to the uterus b. The zygote implants on the uterine wall *c. Movements of the fetus d. Nausea 40. (TCO 2)Which of the following terms explains why the human brain develops before the reproductive system? @ Chapter 3, page 59 a. Spinal cord dysplasia b. Prenatal gender differentiation *c.Cephalocaudal growth pattern d.Differentiation of the lobes of the brain 41. (TCO 2) Which of the following is the best example of the proximodistal principle of development during the prenatal period? @ Chapter 3, page59 *a. The spinal cord develops before the arms. b. The digestive organs are formed before the heart. c. Male growth patterns proceed more quickly than female patterns. d. Differentiation of the gonads occurs before the eyes are formed. 42. (TCO 2)A normally developing fetus has reached a length of 12 in. and weighs about 1 lb. Using ultrasound, it is possible to tell if the fetus is male or female. In which stage of development is this fetus? @ Chapter 3,page61 a. Germinal *b. Fetal c. Embryonic d. Implantation 43. (TCOs 3,4, and 5) Johann lives in a family with five siblings. There is always a lot of activity and interaction between the children and parents. There are many brightly colored toys and things to play with. Suzanne's family can't afford many toys at all, and she has only old hand-me-downs to play with, most of which are broken. Which of the following best describes a likely difference in brain development between Johann and Suzanne? @ Chapter 4, page87 *a. The "use it or lose it" idea, which says that because Johann is in a more stimulating environment than Suzanne, his brain will have a denser network of neurons and synapses. b. Johann's neurons will myelinate more quickly and completely than Suzanne's. c.Because Johann and Suzanne are both under 2 years of age, the differences in environment will have little impact. d. The principle of synaptic pruning says that because Johann is in a more stimulating environment than Suzanne, his brain will have a smaller number of synapses. 44. (TCOs 2,3, and 4) What effect does watching television have on the developing brain? @ Chapter 4, page87 a. Any television watching prior to age 2 is likely to inhibit healthy brain development. *b. Toddlers might improve their vocabulary and social skills by watching high-quality television programs. c. Television programs such as Sesame Street can interfere with synaptogenesis. d. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children between 18 months and 2 years of age watch 2–3 hours per day of educational programming. 45. (TCOs 2,3, and 4) Macie and Darius have a new baby girl. Although they complain that the baby wakes them a lot at night, the truth is the baby probably sleeps as much as _____ of the time? @ Chapter 4, pages88–89 a. 25% b 50% c.75% *d. 80% 46. (TCOs 2, 3, and 4) Which of the following is typically true of parents in the United States? @ Chapter 4,page 89 a. They view an infant's erratic sleep patterns as a normal and healthy part of development. b. They are more likely than European parents to attend to their crying child. *c. They view an infant's erratic sleep patterns as a problem that needs to be fixed. d. They are more likely than European parents to ignore their crying child. 47. (TCOs2,3, and 4) Your friend Olga is a new first-time mother. Her 6-week-old infant has shown a recent increase in crying. She doesn't know whether this is because she is picking the child up every time that it cries. She is asking you for advice. What would you say to her? @ Chapter 4, page89 a. She should take her child to the doctor to see if she has colic. *b. It is normal for crying to increase over the first 6weeks of life, and picking her child up will not reinforce the crying. c. Increased crying in the first 6weeks of life is normal, but Olga should not pick up the infant every time it cries. d. Olga should not worry; the crying usually decreases by the second week of life. 48. (TCOs 2,3, and 4) An infant begins whimpering and moaning and then begins to cry very loudly and intensely. Which of the following is the infant most likely expressing? @ Chapter 4, page 89 *a. Anger b. Hunger c. Fear d. Pain 49. (TCOs2,3, and 4) A child's ability to place round pegs in round holes requires which type of motor skills? @ Chapter 4, page 90 *a.Combination of gross and fine b.Locomotive c. Nonlocomotive d.Specific 50. (TCOs 2, 3, and 4) Moesha and Nick have a newborn. If their baby is an average infant, by his first birthday he will have had which of the following? @ Chapter 4,page 93 a. Measles b. Several instances of sleep apnea c. No illnesses whatsoever *d. Seven respiratory illnesses 51. (TCOs 2, 3, and 4)Seth is 6 weeks old. You are holding three balloons in your hand: one red, one blue and one green. Which of the following statements is most likely true? @ Chapter 4, page98 *a. Seth has already developed the required cones in his eyes to differentiate between the three different colored balloons. b.Because Seth is only 6 weeks old, he can only distinguish between red and green. c. Seth probably only has the rods for blue vision in his eyes, so he won't be able to distinguish between red and green. d. At this age, Seth's cones are still too underdeveloped for him to distinguish any colors at all. 52. (TCOs 4, 5, and 6) Gregory is a 6-month-old baby boy. He is learning about his environment through touching things, putting things in his mouth, and scooting around on the floor. According to Piaget, Greg is in which stage of cognitive development? @ Chapter 5, page109 a. Preambulatory b. Preoperations c. Concrete operations *d. Sensorimotor 53. (TCOs 4,5, and 6) Chun Lee sticks anything in his mouth that he can get his hands on. He has also started looking in the general direction of sounds that he hears. Chun Lee is exhibiting which of the following? @ Chapter 5, page109 *a. Primary circular reactions b. Secondary circular reactions c. Coordination of secondary schemes d. Tertiary circular reactions 54. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Glynnis is 14 months old. She is trying out new things, playing with her toys, and manipulating objects in new ways—experimenting with her environment. Glynnis is in which substage of Piaget's first cognitive stage? @ Chapter 5, page109 a. Primary reflexes b. Primary circular reactions *c. Tertiary circular reactions d. Mental representation 55. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Kayla was given several different brightly colored balls to play with, one after the other. After about ball number seven, Kayla seemed to lose interest. When she was given a stuffed animal, she showed renewed interest. This renewed interest is due, in part, to which of the following? @ Chapter 5, page115 *a. Categorizing b. Schematograms c. Reinforcement d. Superordinates 56. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Reece said, "Go bye-bye?" His mother replied, "Yes, we are going to go bye-bye." Reece's mother's response is an example of which of the following? @ Chapter 5, page 119 a. Babyese b. Infant speak *c. IDS d. LAD 57. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Brody is entertaining himself and his mother with his repetitious "dadadada, babababa" as if he just likes the sound of his own voice. What is Brody doing? @ Chapter 5,page 120 *a. Babbling b. Cooing c. Muttering d. Recasting 58. (TCOs 3,4, and 5) C.J. gains comfort through eating and drinking. She also cries to gain attention from her parents or to express discomfort. Freud would say that C.J. is in which stage of development? @ Chapter 6, page 132 a. Symbiotic b. Dependent c. Anal *d. Oral 59. (TCOs 3,4, and 5) Bart depends on his mother for everything he needs. When he cries, she responds with food or a clean diaper or a cuddle. Erikson would say that Bart's mother is helping him resolve the conflict known as @ Chapter 6,page132 a. trust versus mistrust. b. the oral stage. c. fear versus comfort. d. the dependent stage. 60. (TCOs 3 4, and 5) Freddie is 2 months old. He smiles and coos at almost everyone he meets. Bowlby would say that Freddie is in which phase of attachment? @ Chapter 6, page135 *a. Nonfocused orienting and signaling b. Focus on one or more figures c. Secure base behavior d. Internal model 61. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Some infants between 6 and 16 months experience a fear of people they do not know. Which of the following terms best identifies this fearful phase that seems to disappear as quickly as it came? @ Chapter 6, page 136 *a. Stranger anxiety b. Separation anxiety c. Social referencing d. Affect dysregulation 62. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Callie, age 11 months, went to the circus with her mother. When a clown came bouncing up to Callie's stroller, Callie was anxious and looked at her mother. When Callie's mother began to laugh at the clown, Callie joined in the laughter. Callie's behavior is called @ Chapter 6, page136 a. affective regulation. *b. social referencing. c. stranger anxiety. d. bonding dependence. 63. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Which of the following best exemplifies social referencing? @ Chapter 6, page 136 a. Tom's father scolds Tom for being angry at his sister. *b. Tom's father uses a light mood and a smile to transition Tom from an angry state to a calmer one. c. Tom's mother shows Tom pictures of different emotional expressions so that he can learn to imitate them. d. Tom's mother takes him away from his friends when he becomes angry at one of them for taking his toy. 64. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Roberto is 11 months old. He smiles a lot, is generally cheerful, and shows little anxiety around strangers. Which type of temperament does Roberto have? @ Chapter 6, page141 a. Difficult b. Slow to warm up *c. Easy d. Approachful 65. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5)Your neighbor Sarah told you that her two children were obviously very different and it was noticeable right from birth. According to Sarah, her son was fussy and rarely slept through the night, but her daughter was calm and adapted very easily to any situation. Sarah is describing which aspect of her children's differing personalities? @ Chapter 6, page 141 a. Attachment pattern b. Patterns of sociability *c. Temperament d. Mood 66. (TCOs3, 4, and 5) Taniya and Daniel are the parents of a well-behaved, predictable, and easygoing daughter. Their neighbors Doug and Diane have a daughter who they consider to be a tomboy because she likes to play ball and rough-and-tumble activities in the yard. This is an example of which of the following? @ Chapter 6, page 144 *a. Temperamental stereotyping b. Gender differences c. Temperamental gender typing d. Gender dysfunction 67. (TCOs 4, 5, and 6)What is the developmental process that is the impetus behind brain lateralization? @ Chapter 7,page 158 a. Having diverse social experiences *b. Learning and using language c. Practicing locomotor, nonlocomotor, and manipulative skills d. Socialization in social and cultural norms 68. (TCOs 4, 5, and 6) Which of the following brain structures regulate attention and concentration? @ Chapter 7, page158 *a. Reticular formation b. Hippocampus c. Cerebral cortex d. Hypothalamus 69. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) A friend tells you that he has very vivid memories of an event that happened when they were 2 years old. Which of the following statements is probably true regarding this recollection? @ Chapter 7, page 158 a. It may actually be a result of verbal recollections and storytelling from adults in his life. b. Memories of events that were laid down in the brain prior to age 3 are usually accurate and complete. c. Theories of infantile amnesia would likely support your friend's recollections. *d. Research has shown that approximately 50% of adults can accurately and completely recall memories prior to age 3. 70. (TCO 3, 4, and 5) When Mickey was 5, he gave his mother a dead frog for her birthday. Mickey didn't understand why his mother didn't like her gift, because hethought the frog was cool. This represents what type of thinking? @ Chapter 7, page 162 *a. Egocentric b. Polygenic c. Arbitrary d. Abstract 71. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Darius holds his hairbrush to his mouth and sings as if the hairbrush is a microphone. This is an example of what type of play? @ Chapter 7, page 163 a. Associative b. First pretend c. Substitute pretend *d. Abstract 72. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Sylvia loves to play with her toy telephone. When she holds the receiver to her face and calls "Hi!", she is engaging in which type of play? @ Chapter 7, page163 a. Sensorimotor *b. First pretend play c. Substitute pretend play d. Rule-governed play 73. (TCOs 3,4, and 5) Children who are able to classify other people into groups such as "people who are nice" and "people who are mean" are demonstrating which of the following? @ Chapter 8,page 184 a. Reciprocity of relationships *b. Person perception c. Egocentrism d. Perception-bound thought 74. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) On which two factors do young children rely as they categorize or classify other people? @ Chapter 8, page184 a. Their own internal models of attachment and their metacognitions about the other person b. The other person's moral rules and social graces *c. Their most recent interactions with the person and the other person's observable characteristics d. Their own powers of observation and previous social experiences with similar people 75. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) According to your text, individuals are more likely to remember faces of people of their own race than those of a different race. This demonstrates which of the following principles? @ Chapter 8, page184 a. Racial stereotyping *b. Racial bias c. Cross-race effect d. Cross-racial bias effect 76. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Tyler saw that his mother was upset. He toddled over to her and tried to hand her his bottle, as if to comfort her.Hoffman would say that Tyler is demonstrating which of the following? @ Chapter 8, page 188 a. Personal empathy b. Global empathy *c. Egocentric empathy d. Private empathy 77. (TCOs 3,4, and 5) Georgia feels sad whenever she sees homeless people. She worries that they are cold at night and may not have enough to eat. Hoffman would suggest that Georgia is exhibiting which of the following? @ Chapter 8,page188 *a. Empathy for another's life condition b. Global empathy c. Personal empathy d.Empathy for another's feelings 78. (TCOs 3,4, and 5) Kyle and Tawnie are playing school. Kyle is pretending to be the teacher and Tawnie is pretending to be the student. Tawnie is well behaved as a student and answers questions appropriately when Kyle asks them. Tawnie's behavior is an example of which of the following? @ Chapter 8, page 189 a. Role modeling b. Gender modeling c. Role rehearsal *d. Social scripts 79. (TCOs 3,4, and 5) When 4-year-old Mariella thinks of activities, behaviors, or personal characteristics as being "for mommy" or "for daddy," she is using which of the following? @ Chapter 8,page190 a. Gender stereotypes b. Gender concepts *c. Gender schemas d. Sex-typing 80. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Crystal labels boys and girls according to their hairstyle and the types of clothes they wear. Crystal has not yet developed which of the following? @ Chapter 8,page 190 *a. Gender schema b. Gender role c. Gender script d. Gender stereotyping 81. (TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Deion tells his mother that he will always be a boy and can never be a girl. This is an illustration of Deion's grasp of what principle? @ Chapter 8, page 190 a. Gender identity b. Gender role c. Gender schema *d. Gender constancy 82. (TCO 6) The attention span of the average fourthgrader is much longer than that of the average first grader. Which of the following biological changes is primarily responsible for this? @ Chapter 9,page 218 a. Increased growth of the corpus callosum b. Continued myelination of the optic neurons and their connections to the occipital lobe *c. Continued myelination of the frontal lobes and reticular formation and the nerves that link the two d. Rapid growth of the reticular formation 83. (TCO 6) Which of the following statements is correct regarding girls' and boys' physical development during middle childhood? @ Chapter 9, page 217 a. Boys are more advanced than girls in the development of fine motor coordination. b.Boys are more advanced than girls in their rate of growth in height. c. Boys perform worse than girls in activities that require strength and speed. *d. Girls are more advanced than boys in skeletal and muscular maturation, which makes girls more coordinated. 84. (TCO 6) You are a nurse who is asked to place an IV in a patient's nondominant arm. What ability allows you to tell where the IV should be placed? @ Chapter 9, page 218 a. Association perception b. Spatial perception c. Selective attention *d. Relative right-left coordination 85. (TCOs 6 and 7)Which of the following isan example of a derived word? @ Chapter 9, page222 a. Legal *b. Meaningless c. Ambiguous d. Vacation 86. (TCOs 6 and 7) Gabbie is trying to decide what to wear today. It is going to be raining this morning but should be clearing off later. In addition, Gabbie knows that she has riding lessons after school, so she needs to take that into account when she chooses her clothes. On top of that, today is the pep rally, meaning Gabbie is expected to wear her school colors. In order to select an appropriate outfit without assistance, Gabbie must be capable of which of the following? @ Chapter 9, page223 a. Reversibility *b. Decentration c. Centration d. Conservation 87. (TCOs 6 and 7) Which of the following is the best example of a child's use of inductive logic? @ Chapter 9,page 223 a. Sean's mother showed him an apple cut into two pieces and an apple cut into four pieces and asked him which one was more apple. Sean was able to reply correctly, "They are the same." b. Beverly's assignment in language arts class was to write a paper about what her life would be like if she were a boy. *c. Imani's teacher was kind on the first day of class. From that he assumed that she is probably a nice person. d. David has learned that he is better at language arts than math, so he has to spend more time and work harder on his math lessons. 88. (TCOs 6 and 7)Anthony knows that not everyone goes to college and those who do are not guaranteed to graduate. From this he decided that college is probably difficult, as well as time-consuming. What type of logic did Anthony use to draw these conclusions? @ Chapter 9,page 223 a. Productive logic *b. Deductive logic c. Abstract logic d. Inductive logic 89. (TCOs 6 and 7) Which one of the following questions would be the focus of psychologists who use the information-processing perspective to understand children's cognitive development? @ Chapter 9,page 225 *a. How does the efficient use of short-term memory capacity change with age? b. How does one child's cognitive ability compare to or differ from the average cognitive abilities of other children of the same age? c. What cognitive structures are common to all children? d. How do children's developing sensory capabilities and improving motor skills support their cognitive development? 90. (TCOs 6 and 7) Which of the following is considered to be the basis of children's cognitive development, according to most theorists? @ Chapter 9, page 225 a. The age at which executive processes are developed b. The emotional maturity that enables children to better discern the subtle aspects of their world *c. Increases in processing efficiency with age d. The ability to develop and employ rules and strategies for problem solving 91. (TCOs 6 and 8) Leticia failed to ride her bike up the hill with her friends. She later asked her father to remove the training wheels from her bike so that she would no longer feel embarrassed. This is an example of which part of social-cognitive theory? @ Chapter 10, page248 a. The person component b. Residual traits c. Extroversion *d. Reciprocal determinism 92. (TCOs 6 and 8)During middle childhood, a new component of the self is added to the categorical, social, and emotional selves. This new component includes things such as personality traits. What is the term for this new component? @ Chapter 10, page248 a. Personhood b. Individualistic self *c. Psychological self d. Personal self 93. (TCOs 6 and 8) Bobby is a 10-year-old who is uncoordinated and awkward, and as a consequence, he has little athletic ability. How will this circumstance influence Bobby's self-esteem? @ Chapter 10, page 250 a. The absence of athletic ability will cause Bobby to have low self-esteem. *b. If Bobby does not value athletic skill, his lack of talent will have less impact on his self-esteem than if he highly values athleticism. c. The absence of athletic skill will affect his self-esteem only if his parents also value athleticism. d. As long as his friends tell Bobby that they don't mind if he is clumsy, his self-esteem will be unaffected. 94. (TCOs 6 and 8)According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who knows that the players of a game can change the rules as long as all the children agree to play by the new rules is demonstrating moral development at the which stage? @ Chapter 10, page253 *a. Moral relativism b. Moral realism c. Ego ideal d. Preconventional 95. (TCOs 6 and 8)According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who insists that the rules of a game cannot be changed because they come from authorities such as parents or religious figures is demonstrating moral development at which stage? @ Chapter 10,page 253 a. Moral relativism *b. Moral realism c. Ego ideal d. Postconventional 96. (TCOs 6 and 8) According to Piaget, which of the following children is most likely to recognize that intentions are important when making moral judgments about others' behaviors? @ Chapter 10,page253 a. Dale, who is 6 b. Marianna, who is 6 c. Dudley, who is 7 *d. Kirsten, who is 8 97. (TCOs 6 and 8) Monica is an only child. Which of the following statements is likely to be true regarding Monica? @ Chapter 10,page 255 a. Research indicates that she will be lesswell-adjusted as children who have siblings. b. She will have difficulty making friends once she starts school. c. Her family is likely to suffer from resource dilution. *d. She will likely get as much of her parents' attention as a first-born child. 98. (TCOs 6 and 8)A group of girls were playing jump rope when a couple of boys ran in and grabbed their rope yelling, "You can't catch us!" The girls laughed and gave chase, retrieving the rope to the delight of both the boys and girls. This is an example of which of the following? @ Chapter 10, page257 a. Dominance seeking *b. A boundary violation c. Social conflict d. Cross-gender pickets 99. (TCOs 6 and 8)Of the following, which is an example of controlling speech used among middle childhood boys? @ Chapter 10,page 257 a. "I can help." b. "Why are you so mean?" c. "Can you fix this?" *d. "Try to stop me.” 100. (TCOs 7 and 9) Dawn has just turned 13 years old, and she recently experienced menarche. If Dawn becomes sexually active, will she be at risk for pregnancy? @ Chapter 11, page 279 *a.Possibly. Although irregular menstrual cycles are the norm for some time, pregnancy is still possible. b. Not likely, because irregular menstrual cycles signal the absence of ovulation. c. No. The irregularity of menstrual cycles after menarche means that it would be impossible to have intercourse during an ovulatory cycle. d. Probably not. She would be too young to get pregnant. 101. (TCOs 7 and 9)Which of the following groups is more likely to have a negative body image, get into trouble at school and with peers, and engage in delinquent behavior? @ Chapter 11, page279 a. Late-maturing boys b. Early maturing boys c. Late-maturing girls *d. Earlymaturing girls 102 (TCOs 7 and 9) Which of the following factors is most likely to influence whether or not teens become sexually active across cultures? @ Chapter 11, page 281 *a. Social factors b. Hormones c. Nutritional levels d. Levels of sex education 103. (TCOs 7 and 9) What is the correlation between risk-seeking behavior and the media? @ Chapter 11, page286 a. Teens who watch more than 40 hours of television per week are more likely to engage in sensationseeking. b. The correlation between media influences and risk taking is negative. *c. Teens who are most strongly influenced by media portrayals of risky behavior are more likely to engage in sensationseeking. d. There is no evidence to correlate media portrayals of risky behavior and sensation seeking. 104. (TCOs 7 and 9) According to your textbook, among teenagers, sensationseeking appears to be least associated with which of the following? @ Chapter 11,page 286 a. Automobile accidents and injuries *b. Tobacco use c. Drug use d. Alcohol use 105. (TCOs 7 and 9)Among teenagers, what is the most commonly used illicit drug? @ Chapter 11,page 287 *a. Alcohol b. Cocaine c. Marijuana d. Diet pills 106. (TCOs 7 and 9) Fourteen-year-old Muhammed won a contest sponsored by the local newspaper to celebrate a championship basketball game. The object of the contest was to determine how many words could be made from the word score. Which newly developed ability of formal operational thought would have been most helpful to Muhammed? @ Chapter 11, page292 a. The ability to reason about objects or situations not previously seen or experienced *b. The ability to search systematically and methodologically for the solutions to a problem c. The ability to use ethical principles for decision making d. The ability to start with a theory and a prediction and arrive at a conclusion 107. (TCOs 7 and 9) Whenever Jean walks by a mirror or any reflective surface, he stops to make sure that his hair looks good and that his clothes look acceptable to his peers. Which principle is at work here? @ Chapter 11, page 293 a. Piaget's theory of centration *b. Elkind's theory of the imaginary audience c. Elkind's theory of formal operations d. Piaget's theory of deductive logic 108. (TCOs 7 and 9) If Marla wants to be the best clarinet player in the band, she is motivated by which type of goal? @ Chapter 11, page 296 *a. Ability b. Extrinsic c. Inductive d. Task 109. (TCOs 7 and 9) Which of Freud's psychosexual stages is reached in the post-pubertal years? @ Chapter 12,page 306 a. Latency *b. Genital c. Libidinous d. Phallic 110. (TCOs 7 and 9) Which of the following represents Erikson's central crisis of adolescence? @ Chapter 12, page306 a. Latency versus psychosexual development b. Industry versus inferiority c. Intimacy versus isolation *d. Identity versus role confusion 111. (TCOs 7 and 9) More recent theorists have elaborated on Erikson's definition to include which of the following? @ Chapter 12, page 306 *a. Understanding of one's unique characteristics and how they are manifested across ages, situations, and social roles b. The application of social roles as they are manifest in one's personality c. The addition of morals and values to one's identity d. Understanding the importance of birth order to understand individual identity 112. (TCOs 7 and9)Katie is often perceived by others to be a boy because of her style of clothing, her facial characteristics, and mannerisms. Based on this information, which of the following might be applied to Katie? @ Chapter 12,page 311 a. She is transgendered. b. She is a lesbian. *c. She is androgynous. d. She is a tomboy. 113. (TCOs 7 and 9) Mac is noted for baking the best cheesecake in town and is also the person everyone calls when their car won't start. Mac can comfort a crying child and fix a flat tire with equal competence. Mac's gender role identity is most likely @ Chapter 12,page 311 a. transsexual. b. undifferentiated. c. indeterminate. *d. androgynous. 114. (TCOs 7 and 9) What is the term used by developmentalists to describe the psychological aspects of the sexual self? @ Chapter 12,page311 *a. Gender role identity b. Gender role assumptions c. Sexual identity d. Gender identity 115. (TCOs 7 and 9) Which of the following is the best example of a clique, as described by Dunphy? @ Chapter 12,page325 a. Kwame and Mahmoud have been best friends since they played on the same soccer team in fifth grade. b. Helena and Raoul have been dating since they were 15, and now they are thinking of marrying. c. The Detroit City basketball team won the state championship by setting team goals, playing unselfishly, and practicing every day. d. Bobby, Mike, George, and Derrick have shared the good times and the bad times in each other's lives since they were 12 years old. 116 (TCOs 7 and 9) How do peer group pressures affect adolescents? @ Chapter 12,page324 a. The typical pattern of peer pressure is to encourage misconduct or negative activities. *b. Adolescents are most likely to choose a peer group that shares their values, attitudes, behaviors, and identity statuses. c. Until their identity is developed, adolescents will be unable to withstand peer pressure to explore attitudes or behaviors that are inconsistent with their basic values and beliefs. d. The need to conform to the group increases during adolescence and peaks by age 18 or 19. 117. (TCOs 7 and 9) Don's parents are politically conservative and consider themselves religious. Don's values are very much the same as his parents, but he has several friends who are active in politically liberal causes. Don's friends ask him to join them for a rally to protest the local library's plan to limit teenagers' access to the Internet. What is Don most likely to do? @ Chapter 12,page 324 a. Join his friends at the rally b. Change his values *c. Find a new group of friends d. Put pressure upon his friends to change their course of action 118. (TCO10)What is the term that researchers use to describe the basic, underlying, inevitable processes of physical change that affect all human beings? @ Chapter 13, page334 a. Life dissatisfaction *b. Primary aging c. Secondary aging d. Core aging 119. (TCO 10) What type of aging involves the age-related changes that are due to environmental influences, poor health habits, or disease? @ Chapter 13, page 334 a. Senescence b. Compensatory decline c. Intellectual aging *d. Secondary aging 120. (TCO 10) What is the most powerful factor that interacts with age to influence patterns of secondary aging? @ Chapter 13, page334 a. Gender b. Personal happiness *c. Social class d. Life satisfaction 121. (TCO 10)Which of the following are key components of the human immune system? @ Chapter 13, page 339 a. The liver and kidneys *b. The thymus gland and the bone marrow c. Neurotransmitters and hormones d. The pancreas and the liver 122. (TCO 10)Mary is exposed to a virus when she touches a telephone recently touched by someone who has a cold. Which feature of Mary's immune system will protect her? @ Chapter 13, page 339 a. Thymus cells b. Red blood cells c. T cells *d. B cells 123. (TCO 10)Why do adults become more susceptible to disease as they age? @ Chapter 13 page339 *a. Fewer antibodies are produced and T cells become less efficient. b. More B cells and T cells are produced than can be absorbed by the bone marrow and the thymus gland. c. The thymus gland and the bone marrow produce antibodies that attack normal body cells. d. The thymus gland becomes excessively large and interferes with the production of B cells. 124. (TCO 10)What component of evolutionary theory suggests that women and men have different mate selection priorities because they have unequal roles and responsibilities in producing and caring for children? @ Chapter 14,page366 a. Assortive mating b. Filter theory c. Heterogeneity *d. Parental investment theory 125. (TCOs 10 and 11) John is looking for a wife. He wants a partner who has a similar background in matters such as education and religious upbringing. Which of the following mate selection strategies is John using? @ Chapter 9, page 367 a. Trait sorting b. Heterogeneity *c. Homogamy d. Exchange theory 126. (TCOs 10 and 11) Which of the following theories ascribes to the view that sex differences in relationships are adaptations to gender roles that result from external realities such as interactions with others? @ Chapter 14, page 367 a. Evolutionary role theory b. Homogamy theory c. Gender selection theory *d. Social role theory 127. (TCOs 10 and 11) Which of the following is true regarding parenthood? @ Chapter 14, page 375 a.In the United States, 75% of women aged 18 to 34 have had or expect to have children. b. In the United States, women value parenthood more than men. *c. In the United States, the number of men who view parenthood as a life-enriching experience is greater than the number of women who feel this way. d. Mothers are more likely than fathers to be emotionally attached to their unborn children during the third trimester of pregnancy. 128. (TCOs 10 and 11) How does the social clock in U.S. culture affect the age at which women have children in the 21st century? @ Chapter 14, page 375 a. Women are more likely to remain single but still bear children. *b. Many believe that people should be socially and economically stable before bringing children into the world. c. Many believe that it is even more important to find a husband who is financially stable now than in the 20th century. d. The average age at which a woman delivers her first child is now almost 30. 129. (TCOs 10 and11)According to research, what happens to marital satisfaction after the birth of a child? @ Chapter 14,page 376 *a. It tends to decrease. b. It increases. c. It is enhanced if both partners assume traditional gender roles. d. It stabilizes after about 2 weeks. 130. (TCO 11) Fifty-year-old Evan has begun to experience difficulty achieving and maintaining an erection. These changes might indicate that Evan is experiencing which of the following? @ Chapter 15, page 392 a. Menopause *b. The climacteric c. Osteoporosis d. Heart disease 131. (TCO 11)Which of the following is likely to contribute to a male's problems with sexual functioning? @ Chapter 15, page392 a. An increase in testosterone levels b.Use of blood pressure medication c.Smoking cessation d. A high-fiber diet 132. (TCO 11)Gilda is 35 years old. Her estrogen levels have decreased, her menstrual periods have become very irregular, and she experiences periods of extreme sweating.What's happening with Gilda? @ Chapter 15, page393 a. She is in the premenopausal phase of menopause. b. She is in the postmenopausal phase of menopause. c. She is in the perimenopausal phase of menopause. d. Gilda is too young to be experiencing menopause so she should see her doctor. 133. (TCO 11)Which the following is most consistent with Denney's view of age-related change in physical and cognitive functioning? @ Chapter 15,page 405 a. Physical exercise will facilitate maintenance of physical abilities through adulthood, but no equivalent improvement can be made in cognitive functioning. *b. There is an underlying decay curve so that with increased age, there will eventually be a point at which even maximum exercise will not help an individual maintain peak functioning in either physical or cognitive abilities. c. If a skill is unexercised for any length of time or becomes rusty, exercise will not cause any improvement. d. Early adulthood is the time of peak function in physical and cognitive abilities. 134. (TCO 11)According to Denney's model, the maximum level of cognitive and physical function an individual can achieve with exercise @ Chapter 15,page 405 *a. steadily decreases as the individual ages. b. steadily increases as the individual ages. c. is determined by social class, gender, and ethnicity. d. stabilizes at about age 40. 135. (TCO 11) Rodney wears reading glasses, uses an ergonomically designed chair when he works at the computer, and exercises regularly to offset the effects of aging. He is also taking two courses at the local community college just for the sake of learning. What principle is at work here? @ Chapter 15,page 405 a. Denial of primary aging b. Optimization of secondary aging compensation c. Optimization without compensation *d. Selective optimization with compensation 136. (TCO 11) According to Erikson, which of the following would cause a person to experience a mid-life crisis? @ Chapter 16 page 414 a. A sense of generativity b. An external locus of control c. A loss of self-efficacy *d. A sense of stagnation 137. (TCO 11) What is Erikson's developmental task of middle adulthood? @ Chapter 16,page 414 a. Dialectical thought versus problem resolution b. Ego integrity versus despair *c. Generativity versus stagnation d. Intimacy versus isolation 138. (TCO 11) What does Erikson suggest is required for the expression of generativity? @ Chapter 16, page414 *a. Caring for others b. Communicating effectively c. Obeying the law d. Optimum use of one's intelligence 139. (TCO 11) Micah, age 55, used to write great op-ed pieces for his newspaper. Now he chooses the topic and lays out the main theme, but he assigns the actual copywriting to a younger staff reporter. He then proofs the work, makes a few changes, and lets it go to print under his byline. Baltes and Baltes would suggest that Micah is using which strategy? @ Chapter 16, page424 a. Optimization *b. Selection c. Oversight d. Compensation 140. (TCO 11) Orland, age 50, has always been the top seller in her real estate company. In spite of this, she never rests on her laurels. Three times a year, she attends workshops on salesmanship, closing, and real estate law. Baltes and Baltes would suggest that Orland is using which strategy? @ Chapter 16, page 424 a. Management b. Selection *c. Optimization d. Compensation 141. (TCO 11)Based upon the classification system of voluntary and involuntary career changers, which of the following is a reason for aninvoluntary career change? @ Chapter 16, page 425 a.To leave a job that does not pay enough b. To have a job that is more meaningful or fulfilling c.To leave a job because of a planned retirement *d. Organizational restructuring that results in elimination of the job 142. (TCO 11) If you were to serve a loaf of freshlybaked cinnamon bread to a group of older individuals, which of the following comments would you be most likely to hear? @ Chapter 17, page 441 a. "It smells so good. It's making my mouth water!" b. "This bread smells and tastes delicious!" *c. "I can't smell a thing, dear." d. "The flavors of food seem to be so strong, so I really don't care for anything sweet." 143. (TCO 11) Mr. Garrett often overeats, complaining that he feels hungry all the time. His doctor has suggested that this problem is due to a malfunction in the sensation associated with blood sugar levels known as @ Chapter 17,page444 a. deprivation. *b. satiety. c. insulin. d. diabetes. 144. (TCO 11) After eating, the blood sugar rises, resulting in chemical message being sent to the brain that causes the individual to feel full. What is the term for this sensation of fullness? @ Chapter 17, page 444 a. Glucose satisfaction b. Insulin resistance *c. Satiety d. Sugar-response effect 145. (TCO 12)Which of the following describes the component of successful aging that involves a willingness to learn new things? @ Chapter 18, page463 *a. Cognitive adventurousness b. Social engagement c. Cognitive dissonance d. Acceptance of changes 146. (TCO 12)Which component of social support seems to be most meaningful to elderly adults? @ Chapter 18,page463 a. Knowing that others can be depended upon to help when their assistance is needed *b. The opportunity to reciprocate and give support, as well as receive it c. The frequency of social contacts with friends, family, and community members d. Instrumental support, such as help with chores, rather than emotional support 147. (TCO 12)Mahmoud's grandparents have him to help them buy a computer and teach them how to use the internet. Which of the following terms describes Mahmoud's grandparents' readiness to learn something new? @ Chapter 18, page464 a. Social engagement *b. Cognitive adventurousness c. Geriatric thymia d. Super cognition 148. (TCO 12)Charles has recently learned that he is terminally ill. He has since begun to lash out at his family and at the medical personnel involved in his care. Kübler-Ross would suggest that this behavior can be explained by which of the following? @ Chapter 19, page494 a. A wish to punish others and make them feel pain, too *b. A loss of control and sense of helplessness c. Cognitive changes brought on by the stress of the situation d. Interactions between medications 149. (TCO 12) Kathy has breast cancer. She has kept a positive attitude and has been doing research to learn more about her type of cancer. She readily tells her doctors that she is going to fight with everything she has to beat her cancer. Greer and other researchers would suggest that Kathy has which of the following? @ Chapter 19, page 496 *a. Fighting spirit b. Helplessness and hopelessness c. Stoic acceptance (fatalism) d. A realistic attitude 150. (TCO 12)When Barry was told he had lung cancer, he just resigned himself to the idea that he would die. He didn't really seem to be in denial. He just made no attempt to seek a cure, believing that his diagnosis "is what it is." Greer and others would suggest that Barry's attitude is which of the following? @ Chapter 19,page 497 *a. Stoic acceptance b. Helplessness and hopelessness c. Depression d. Fighting spirit TYPE:E 151. (TCOs 1, 3, and 4)Explain three basic principles of Erikson's theory of development. a.See Chapter 2, pages 26–27. The answer should include that his focus on social interactions, the resolution of crises at each stage of development, and the idea that healthy resolution of crises depends on some integration of the negative side of the dichotomy. TYPE:E 152. (TCOs 1, 3, and 4): Describe the research that has been done to determine when children develop a sense of self. At what age do children show a sharp increase in self-awareness? a.See Chapter 6, pages 144–145.The rouge test where a child is held up to a mirror and the child's reaction to the reflection is noted. The child is then taken down from the mirror and a dot of rouge is placed on the child's face and again held up to the mirror. Children without self-awareness will touch the baby in the mirror but not their own face. Once children realize that the baby in the mirror is them, they will touch their own face to wipe off the rouge once they've seen it in the mirror. This begins to develop at 15–18 months and rises sharply between 21 and 24 months. TYPE:E 153. (TCOs 1, 3, and 4)Think about how you were taught to read. What approach was used? Describe the balanced approach and the use of guided reading sessions. How effective do these methods seem to be? a.SeeChapter 9, page 228.Of course the means by which each student learned to read is going to vary by age and culture. The balanced approach to reading emphasizes that education must go beyond basic phonics. Guided reading refers to working with small groups of children using books that are somewhat difficult for them. The teacher's role is to help the children devise strategies that help them in pronunciation and reading skills. This is an application of Vygotsky's theory. TYPE:E 154. (TCOs7 and9)Micah comes from a middle-class family. Both parents work and he has two brothers and one sister. His friend Sheila is an only child and her father is the CEO of a large company. Sheila's mother can afford to stay at home. Describe some of the differences in terms of academic achievement, social skills, and self-esteem that you might expect to see between Sheila and Micah. a.SeeChapter 10, page 255. Many people assume that only children lack social skills. This is not true if they have a network of friends and are socialized from an early age. Micah may be at a disadvantage in terms of academic achievement and self-esteem because he may have less quality time with his parents and his familial income will likely not support the same types of clothes, games, and so forth that Sheila has. This exemplifies the concept of resource dilution.Other research would say, however, that if Micah assumes responsibility for one or more of his siblings, his self-esteem will grow because of his sense of being needed and taking on responsibility at which he is competent. TYPE:E 155. (TCOs 7 and9)Explain the differences in formal operational thought between younger and older teens. How does Piaget account for these differences? a.SeeChapter 11, page 292. Younger teens are likely to only focus on the short-term consequences of a behavior or decision. This is explained by some as failure to use formal operational thinking at all and the persistence of concrete thinking. Piaget says that it's simply due to lack of sufficient experience to fully develop formal operations. TYPE:E 156. (TCOs 7 and 9)Consider someone you know, perhaps even yourself, who comes from a biracial family. What are some of the struggles that biracial teens have to overcome? Is what the text says consistent with your own experience? a.See Chapter 12, page 312.Biracial teens have to deal with their psychological identities. Often, children and teens who come from a biracial family have to prove their authenticity to a parent or peers by adopting the clothing and cultural norms of one culture or the other. Familial and neighborhood variables also influence the teen, depending on the ethnic makeup of the neighborhood. Another factor identified by Maria Root is the phenomenon of being a military brat. If a teen is biracial and moves from place to place, it is likely to be more difficult for them to establish their own identities. TYPE: E 157. (TCOs5and 10)Summarize some of the characteristics of both the perpetrators and the victims of partner abuse that may contribute to this violence. a.See Chapter 13, page 346. Perpetrators of abuse tend to have irrational feelings of jealousy, a need to control, sudden mood swings, and short tempers. Men who are generally aggressive are more likely to abuse. Men who are high school dropouts or who are frequently unemployed abuse more than other men.Victims of abuse are more likely to have been abused as children than nonvictims. Young women between the ages of 16 and 24 are at highest risk. Younger women lacking in education or the means to support themselves outside of an abusive relationship are at high risk. TYPE: E 158. (TCOs 5 and 10)Summarize Holland's typology of personality and work types. Which personality type are you and how does this type match with the college major or career you have chosen (or are considering)? a.See Chapter 14, page 380. The table summarizing Holland's personality types is found on page 422 of the text. Of course, individual responses will vary. TYPE: E 159. (TCOs 5 and 10) Summarize the pros and cons of hormone therapy during and after menopause. Include in your answer the effectiveness of HT and how the risks of HT can be reduced. a. See Chapter 15, page 394.HT is only effective at reducing the symptoms of menopause; it does not prolong menopause nor improve reproductive capacity. Even though it was once thought that HT protected women against heart disease and dementia, current research shows that long-term use of HT significantly increases the risk of ovarian and breast cancer and does little to prevent heart disease. The safest means of delivering HT seems to be to deliver the hormones through the skin by using patches or creams. Also, it is important to use the lowest dose possible to obtain the desired effects. TYPE: E 160. (TCO 11) Briefly describe the concept of selective optimization with compensation.Give an example of this process. a. See Chapter 15, page 405.Middle-aged ad