BIOLOGY 12TH EDITION RAVEN TEST BANK

Biology, 12e (Raven) Chapter 2 The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of Water 1) Matter is composed of: A) atoms B) energy C) mass D) molecules Answer: A Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 1. Remember LO: 02.01.01 Define an element based on its composition. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2) All atoms possess the ability to do work. The term that is defined as the ability to do work is: A) matter B) energy C) molecules D) space Answer: B Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 1. Remember NURSINGTB.COM LO: 02.01.02 Describe the relationship between atomic structure and chemical properties. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 3) The number of protons in a given atom is equal to its: A) atomic number B) mass C) neutron number D) molecular number Answer: A Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 1. Remember LO: 02.01.02 Describe the relationship between atomic structure and chemical properties. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 4) Isotopes that are unstable and decay when their nucleus breaks up into elements with lower atomic numbers, emitting significant amounts of energy in the process, are called: A) energetic B) ionic C) radioactive D) isometric Answer: C Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 1. Remember LO: 02.01.02 Describe the relationship between atomic structure and chemical properties. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5) Atoms containing a specific number of protons are called: A) minerals B) elements C) metals D) molecules Answer: B Section: 02.02 Topic: Elements Found in Living Systems Bloom's: 1. Remember NURSINGTB.COM LO: 02.02.01 Relate atomic structure to the periodic table of the elements. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 6) Sugars dissolve well in water because of water's . A) ionic bonds B) cohesiveness C) hydrophobic exclusion D) polarity Answer: D Section: 02.03 Topic: The Nature of Chemical Bonds Bloom's: 2. Understand LO: 02.03.03 Contrast polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 7) The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution is referred to as: A) pH B) atomic mass C) -OH concentration D) electronegativity E) specific heat Answer: A Section: 02.06 Topic: Acids and Bases Bloom's: 1. Remember LO: 02.06.01 Define acids, bases, and the pH scale. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 8) Bicarbonate ions in the blood can absorb hydrogen ions, keeping pH balanced. Bicarbonate is acting as a in blood. A) buffer B) acid C) base D) alkaline Answer: A Section: 02.06 Topic: Acids and Bases Bloom's: 2. Understand NURSINGTB.COM LO: 02.06.01 Define acids, bases, and the pH scale. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 9) Atomic nuclei contain protons and . A) isomers B) ions C) moles D) neutrons Answer: D Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 1. Remember LO: 02.01.01 Define an element based on its composition. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 10) Carbon-12, Carbon-13 and Carbon-14 are examples of: A) ions B) isotopes C) isomers D) molecules Answer: B Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 1. Remember LO: 02.01.02 Describe the relationship between atomic structure and chemical properties. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 11) Organisms are composed of molecules, which are collections of smaller units, termed: A) monomers. B) atoms. C) electrons. D) polymers. E) ions. Answer: B Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 1. Remember NURSINGTB.COM LO: 02.01.01 Define an element based on its composition. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 12) Negatively charged subatomic particles that have almost no mass are called: A) electrons. B) protons. C) neutrons. D) ions. E) polymers. Answer: A Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 1. Remember LO: 02.01.03 Explain where electrons are found in an atom. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 13) Atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons are called: A) polymers. B) ions. C) monomers. D) isomers. E) isotopes. Answer: E Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 1. Remember LO: 02.01.02 Describe the relationship between atomic structure and chemical properties. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 14) Cl + e- → Cl- is an example of a: A) oxidation. B) reduction. C) polymerization. D) ionization. Answer: B Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 2. Understand NURSINGTB.COM LO: 02.01.03 Explain where electrons are found in an atom. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 15) When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become negatively or positively charged. These negatively or positively charged atoms are known as A) isotopes. B) ions. C) isomers. D) unstable atoms. Answer: B Section: 02.03 Topic: The Nature of Chemical Bonds Bloom's: 2. Understand LO: 02.03.01 Predict which elements are likely to form ions. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 16) When two atoms share a pair of electrons, the bonding is referred to as: A) ionic. B) covalent. C) unstable. D) hydrogen. Answer: B Section: 02.03 Topic: The Nature of Chemical Bonds Bloom's: 1. Remember LO: 02.03.02 Explain how molecules are formed from atoms joined by covalent bonds. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 17) Water molecules are polar with ends that exhibit partial positive and negative charges. These opposite charges allow water molecules to attract each other through: A) ionic bonds. B) covalent bonds. C) hydrogen bonds. D) peptide bonds. Answer: C Section: 02.04 Topic: Water: A Vital Compound Bloom's: 2. Understand NURSINGTB.COM LO: 02.04.01 Relate how the structure of water leads to hydrogen bonds. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 18) An atom has 20 electrons and 20 neutrons. What is the mass of this atom? A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 80 Answer: C Explanation: Clarify Question • What is the key concept addressed by the question? The question asks about calculating the mass of an atom. • What type of thinking is required? You are being asked to apply the definition of atomic mass to calculate an atomic mass. • What key words does the question contain and what do they mean? o Atomic mass is the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in an atom. We assume the mass of electrons is so small it doesn't contribute to total mass. Gather Content • What do you know about atomic mass? How does it relate to the question? o The masses of a proton and of a neutron are both 1. Consider Possibilities • What other information is related to the question? Which information is most useful? o There are 20 protons and 20 neutrons each with a mass of 1 in this atom. NURSINGTB.COM Choose Answer • Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer? o 20 protons + 20 neutrons = an atomic mass of 40. Reflect on Process • Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result? o This question asked you to apply the definition of atomic mass to calculate an atomic mass. If you got the correct answer, great job! If you got an incorrect answer, where did the process break down? Did you confuse atomic number (the number of protons alone) with the atomic mass (the sum of protons and neutrons)? Section: 02.02 Topic: Elements Found in Living Systems Bloom's: 3. Apply (Socratic Feedback) LO: 02.02.01 Relate atomic structure to the periodic table of the elements. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 19) Sue was monitoring the oil spill into the Gulf of Mexico from an oil tanker. From her observations, she noted that the oil was moving as large patches in the water. It did not appear as though the oil was dissolving into the water. Why did the oil not dissolve into the water? A) Hydrophobic interactions B) Surface tension C) Sea water acts as a solvent D) Water forms hydration shells E) Water has a high heat of vaporization Answer: A Explanation: Clarify Question • What is the key concept addressed by the question? The question asks why oil and water don't mix. • What type of thinking is required? You are being asked to apply your knowledge of the properties of water and oil to explain why the oil does not dissolve in water. • What key words does the question contain and what do they mean? o Dissolve – this means one compound mixes completely with a solvent like water. Gather Content • What do you know about water as a solvent? How does it relate to the question? o Water is a polar molecule, this means that other polar molecules or ions will dissolve in it. These water loving molecules are called hydrophilic. o Oil is a nonpolar molecule and will dissolve better in a nonpolar solvent. These molecules are called hydrophobic, or water fearing.NURSINGTB.COM Consider Possibilities • What other information is related to the question? Which information is most useful? o Water is a solvent with a high heat of vaporization and surface tension. Water also forms surface tension. However, none of these properties explain why oil does not dissolve in water. Choose Answer • Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer? o The best answer is that oil is hydrophobic, meaning it does not interact well with water. This is because water is a polar molecule and oil is nonpolar. Water has O-H bonds which do not share electrons equally giving the O a partial negative charge and the H a partial positive charge. In contrast oil is made up of C-H bonds and the electrons are shared more equally leading to no partial charges. Because oil does not have these charges it is not attracted to the charges in water and does not dissolve well in water. Reflect on Process • Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result? o This question asked you to apply the properties of water to explain why oil and water do not mix well. If you got the correct answer, great job! If you got an incorrect answer, where did the process break down? Did you know what the word hydrophobic meant? Did you have difficulty remembering which properties of water make it a good solvent for other polar molecules? Section: 02.05 Topic: Properties of Water Bloom's: 3. Apply (Socratic Feedback) LO: 02.05.02 Explain the relevance of water's unusual properties for living systems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 20) The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of: A) protons only. B) neutrons only. C) protons plus electrons. D) protons plus neutrons. E) neutrons plus electrons. Answer: A Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 1. Remember LO: 02.01.02 Describe the relationship between atomic structure and chemical properties. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation NURSINGTB.COM 21) Oxygen has an atomic mass of 16 and an atomic number of 8. How many neutrons are present? A) 24 B) 8 C) 16 D) 4 Answer: B Explanation: Clarify Question • What is the key concept addressed by the question? The question asks you to calculate the number of neutrons from the atomic mass and number of an atom. • What type of thinking is required? You are being asked to apply your knowledge of how atomic mass and atomic number are calculated. • What key words does the question contain and what do they mean? o Atomic mass – the number of neutrons plus protons in an atom. o Atomic number – the number of protons in an atom. Gather Content • What do you know about the number of neutrons in an atom? How does it relate to the question? o Atomic mass contains both the neutrons and protons in an atom. Consider Possibilities • What other information is related to thNeUqRuSeINstGioTnB?.CWOMhich information is most useful? o Atomic number is defined by the number of protons in an atom. Choose Answer • Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer? o To calculate the number simply take Atomic mass (P + N) minus Atomic number (P). o In this example this is 16 – 8 = 8 neutrons Reflect on Process • Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result? o This question asked you to apply the structure of an atom to predict some of its properties. If you got the correct answer, great job! If you got an incorrect answer, where did the process break down? Did you know the definitions of how atomic mass and atomic numbers? Did you have difficulty figuring out how to calculate the number of neutrons by subtracting atomic mass from atomic number? Section: 02.02 Topic: Elements Found in Living Systems Bloom's: 3. Apply (Socratic Feedback) LO: 02.02.01 Relate atomic structure to the periodic table of the elements. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 22) The pH of your small intestines is around 7.5 and the pH of your large intestine can be 5.5. As substances travel from the small intestines to the large intestine, what would happen to the H+ ion concentration? A) It decreases 100-fold. B) It increases by 100-fold. C) It increases 10-fold. D) It increases 2-fold. E) It decreases 10-fold. Answer: B Explanation: Clarify Question • What is the key concept addressed by the question? The question asks about relating pH to H+ concentration. • What type of thinking is required? You are being asked to apply the definition of pH to a specific example. • What key words does the question contain and what do they mean? o pH – this is the –log[H+] Gather Content • What do you know about the link between H+ concentration and pH? How does it relate to the question? o Because the relationship between H+ concentration and pH is a log scale, a change in pH of 1 is a change in H+ concentration of 10-fold. o Because the relationship between is NnUegRaStIiNvGe,TaBn.CiOncMrease in pH of 1 is a decrease in H+ concentration by 10-fold. Consider Possibilities • What other information is related to the question? Which information is most useful? o In moving from the small intestines to the large intestines the pH goes from 7.5 to 5.5, which means the substance is moving to a more acidic environment. This means that the H+ concentration will increase. Choose Answer • Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer? o Because the pH drops by 2 pH units, the H+ concentration increases by 10x10 or 102 or 100 fold. Reflect on Process • Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result? o This question asked you to apply the definition of pH to calculate H+ concentration. If you got the correct answer, great job! If you got an incorrect answer, where did the process break down? Did you recall that pH is a log scale? Did you recall that pH has a negative relationship to H+ concentration, so an increase in pH leads to a decrease in H+ concentration? Section: 02.06 Topic: Acids and Bases Bloom's: 3. Apply (Socratic Feedback) LO: 02.06.02 Relate changes in pH to changes in [H+]. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 23) Oxygen-16 is abundant and has 8 protons and 8 neutrons. Oxygen-18 has two extra neutrons. These two forms are: A) oxygen ions. B) oxygen isotopes. C) oxygen isomers. D) oxygen dimers. Answer: B Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 2. Understand LO: 02.01.02 Describe the relationship between atomic structure and chemical properties. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 24) Which element's isotope is commonly used to determine when biological samples such as fossils, were formed? A) oxygen B) hydrogen C) carbon D) nitrogen E) sulfur NURSINGTB.COM Answer: C Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 1. Remember LO: 02.01.02 Describe the relationship between atomic structure and chemical properties. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 25) Atoms in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons are known as: A) valences. B) ions. C) isotopes. D) isomers. Answer: B Section: 02.02 Topic: Elements Found in Living Systems Bloom's: 2. Understand LO: 02.01.02 Describe the relationship between atomic structure and chemical properties. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 26) The area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found is the: A) electrical space. B) energy level. C) polar space. D) orbital. Answer: D Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 1. Remember LO: 02.01.03 Explain where electrons are found in an atom. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 27) Regardless of its shape, a given orbital may contain no more than: A) 1 electron. B) 4 electrons. C) 8 electrons. D) 2 electrons. Answer: D Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 1. Remember NURSINGTB.COM LO: 02.01.03 Explain where electrons are found in an atom. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 28) All atoms tend to fill their outer energy levels with the maximum number of electrons, usually eight. Depending on whether atoms satisfy the octet rule will predict: A) the chemical behavior of the atoms. B) whether they will be found in nature. C) whether they will dissolve in water. D) their radioactive energy. Answer: A Section: 02.01 Topic: The Nature of Atoms Bloom's: 2. Understand LO: 02.01.03 Explain where electrons are found in an atom. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation