Guidance
- Visual guidance
- Verbal guidance
- Manual guidance
- Mechanical guidance
Beginners
Visual - demonstration of a skill or technique
Verbal - short and simple verbal instruction
Manual - Help understand how a movement should feel
Mechanical - Help tell the performer about the safety of performing the skill
Elite Performers
Visual - analysis of a previous game/match
Verbal - Complex and not supplemented with visual guidance
Manual - Rarely used, however could help with safety.
Visual
Pros - very good for beginners
Cons - will only work if skill is correct and clear, easy to understand
Verbal
Pros - can help with cues or keywords
Cons - can confuse beginners
Manual
Pros - Helps the performers get to know the feeling of success of the movement
Cons - Can be inappropriate for some performers
Mechanical
Pros - enable the move to be performed safely
Cons - Can give false sense of security
Specific
Visual - when a performer can see something, a teacher or coach may show them a skill
Types - demonstration, movement analysis, still images
Verbal - Involves another person telling the performer, what they are doing right and wrong
Types - highlighting key areas of technique, Key trigger words such as head positioning
Manual and mechanical - Either physically moving the performer or moving them using physical
aids
Types -
Quick quiz
1. - visual
2. - visual
3. - Mechanical
, 4. - verbal
5. - visual
6. - verbal
Feedback
Information that a performer receives. It can be before, during or after a performance.
- Intrinsic (within)
- Extrinsic (others)
- Extrinsic (scores/results)
Types of feedback
Positive/negative
- Informs the athlete what was correct and incorrect about the movement
- Essential for motivating athletes
- Performers need to know whether a performance is correct/incorrect as it provides a reference
point for future performances
Example - In gymnastics if you did a move correctly or not.
Knowledge of results (KR)
- Focuses on how successful you have been and what you set out to do
- Usually completely factual e.g. the score was 3-0
- KR may be obvious to elite athletes but beginners may need guidance/feedback to understand
if what they did was a success or not.
Example - Whether you scored a free throw or not in basketball
Knowledge of performance
- Provides more detail on how well you have performed. It is irrespective of the result
- May relate to technique used or specific aspects of the movement you used
- Deals with the quality of the performance, not the result
Example - Sprinting - technique can improve performance
Extrinsic
- Information received from outside the performer - e.g. coach/teacher
- May come from fellow performers/spectators
- Generally given verbally or comes from other sources e.g. score cards
- Beginners often struggle to understand
Intrinsic
- Information received from within the performer
- How something ‘feels’
- As performers progress they develop an ability to interpret that information
- They can ‘feel’ if a skill has been performed well
- Kinaesthesis - the feeling, or sense if the movement of the muscles and the joints has gone
well or not
- Visual guidance
- Verbal guidance
- Manual guidance
- Mechanical guidance
Beginners
Visual - demonstration of a skill or technique
Verbal - short and simple verbal instruction
Manual - Help understand how a movement should feel
Mechanical - Help tell the performer about the safety of performing the skill
Elite Performers
Visual - analysis of a previous game/match
Verbal - Complex and not supplemented with visual guidance
Manual - Rarely used, however could help with safety.
Visual
Pros - very good for beginners
Cons - will only work if skill is correct and clear, easy to understand
Verbal
Pros - can help with cues or keywords
Cons - can confuse beginners
Manual
Pros - Helps the performers get to know the feeling of success of the movement
Cons - Can be inappropriate for some performers
Mechanical
Pros - enable the move to be performed safely
Cons - Can give false sense of security
Specific
Visual - when a performer can see something, a teacher or coach may show them a skill
Types - demonstration, movement analysis, still images
Verbal - Involves another person telling the performer, what they are doing right and wrong
Types - highlighting key areas of technique, Key trigger words such as head positioning
Manual and mechanical - Either physically moving the performer or moving them using physical
aids
Types -
Quick quiz
1. - visual
2. - visual
3. - Mechanical
, 4. - verbal
5. - visual
6. - verbal
Feedback
Information that a performer receives. It can be before, during or after a performance.
- Intrinsic (within)
- Extrinsic (others)
- Extrinsic (scores/results)
Types of feedback
Positive/negative
- Informs the athlete what was correct and incorrect about the movement
- Essential for motivating athletes
- Performers need to know whether a performance is correct/incorrect as it provides a reference
point for future performances
Example - In gymnastics if you did a move correctly or not.
Knowledge of results (KR)
- Focuses on how successful you have been and what you set out to do
- Usually completely factual e.g. the score was 3-0
- KR may be obvious to elite athletes but beginners may need guidance/feedback to understand
if what they did was a success or not.
Example - Whether you scored a free throw or not in basketball
Knowledge of performance
- Provides more detail on how well you have performed. It is irrespective of the result
- May relate to technique used or specific aspects of the movement you used
- Deals with the quality of the performance, not the result
Example - Sprinting - technique can improve performance
Extrinsic
- Information received from outside the performer - e.g. coach/teacher
- May come from fellow performers/spectators
- Generally given verbally or comes from other sources e.g. score cards
- Beginners often struggle to understand
Intrinsic
- Information received from within the performer
- How something ‘feels’
- As performers progress they develop an ability to interpret that information
- They can ‘feel’ if a skill has been performed well
- Kinaesthesis - the feeling, or sense if the movement of the muscles and the joints has gone
well or not
