Fundamental Ideas
Atomic number = number of protons
Atomic mass = number of protons and neutrons
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl = 2 sodium ion atoms and 2 chlorine atoms react to
form 2 sodium chloride molecules
Atoms vary by their proton number / number of electrons
There is no overall charge on an atom because the number of protons is
equal to the number of electrons and they balance out
Atoms are unreactive when there is a full outer shell
Atoms have similar chemical properties when they have the same number
of outer electrons
Metal + Non-metal Ion // 2 non metals react to form molecules
Rocks and Building Material
Calcium carbonate (+ heat) calcium oxide (+ water) calcium
hydroxide (+ water) calcium hydroxide solution (+ carbon dioxide)
calcium carbonate
Calcium hydroxide neutralises acidic fields
Concrete is stronger than mortar because it contains aggregate
Buildings made of limestone are affected by sulphur dioxide (formed
when sulphur reacts with oxygen) as sulphur dioxide causes acid rain that
reacts and erodes limestone
CO2 is produced from thermally decomposing calcium carbonate
Metals and their uses
Steel is formed from cast iron by removing the carbon by blowing oxygen
into the molten iron. The oxygen reacts with the carbon, producing
carbon dioxide, which leaves the molten metal. Controlling the oxygen
blown into the metal, achieves different types of steel with different
properties
Copper is being extracted from low grade ores as high-grade ores are
running out while copper is in demand and is expensive
If there are low amount of the ore in the ground, it is expensive because
large amounts of energy would be needed in the extraction process
Traditional extraction methods have major environmental impacts like
producing large amounts of solid waste and atmospheric pollution from
carbon dioxide / sulphur dioxide by more lorry traffic
Phytomining is used as the land contains very little of the metal and thus
smelting is uneconomical
Advantages of phytomining = less expensive and less energy to extract,
plants will remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they grow
Disadvantage of phytomining = not continuous as it takes a long time for
plant growth
, Titanium is more expensive than iron as there are more stages needed,
more energy needed, and expensive materials (e.g. argon) needed to
extract titanium. Also, titanium cannot be extracted by carbon
Argon is used in titanium reactions instead of oxygen because oxygen
reacts to form oxides whereas argon is unreactive
Alloys are used as they are stronger than pure metals, resistant to
corrosion and do not rust
Crude Oil and Fuels
An alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon (CnH2n+2)
Test for alkanes and alkenes = Add bromine water to the solution. Alkenes
(unsaturated hydrocarbon) will decolourise the solutions and Alkanes
(saturated hydrocarbons) will have no reaction.
Carbon monoxide is produced when there is incomplete combustion
Fractional distillation = Crude oil is heated to 350 °C Most of the
compounds in the crude oil evaporate When the hot vapours rise up
the fractional column, they cool vapours cool to boiling point and
condense at different temperatures, (with hydrocarbons with low
boiling points collected near the top of the column and vice versa) the
condensed fraction is separated and flows through a pipe.
Some of the hydrocarbons remain as liquids and liquids flow to the
bottom of the fractional column while some of the hydrocarbons remain
as gases which rise out of the top of the fractional column
Extraction of New Sources of Crude Oil
Advantages Disadvantages
Extraction is needed as crude oil is running out Destruction of environment
Extraction is needed as demand for oil is increasing Crude oil contains locked up carbon that releases it
as CO2 when burnt
Extraction can improve the local area’s economy Energy/Fuel is needed for cracking and fractional
distillation
The extraction process can provide mass Atmospheric, water pollution due to particulates
employment from burning fuels entering the environment
Crude oil is non-renewable
Products from Oil
Cracking involves heating alkanes to make a vapour.
Hydration is reaction with water or steam
The vapour is either passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam and
heated to a very high temperature
To make ethanol from cracking, once the ethene is formed from cracking,
add steam to the ethene with a catalyst to form ethanol.
Polymerisation = Monomers bond to form very large molecules
The plant material is crushed and the oil removed by pressing or in some
cases by distillation. Water and other impurities are removed.
Atomic number = number of protons
Atomic mass = number of protons and neutrons
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl = 2 sodium ion atoms and 2 chlorine atoms react to
form 2 sodium chloride molecules
Atoms vary by their proton number / number of electrons
There is no overall charge on an atom because the number of protons is
equal to the number of electrons and they balance out
Atoms are unreactive when there is a full outer shell
Atoms have similar chemical properties when they have the same number
of outer electrons
Metal + Non-metal Ion // 2 non metals react to form molecules
Rocks and Building Material
Calcium carbonate (+ heat) calcium oxide (+ water) calcium
hydroxide (+ water) calcium hydroxide solution (+ carbon dioxide)
calcium carbonate
Calcium hydroxide neutralises acidic fields
Concrete is stronger than mortar because it contains aggregate
Buildings made of limestone are affected by sulphur dioxide (formed
when sulphur reacts with oxygen) as sulphur dioxide causes acid rain that
reacts and erodes limestone
CO2 is produced from thermally decomposing calcium carbonate
Metals and their uses
Steel is formed from cast iron by removing the carbon by blowing oxygen
into the molten iron. The oxygen reacts with the carbon, producing
carbon dioxide, which leaves the molten metal. Controlling the oxygen
blown into the metal, achieves different types of steel with different
properties
Copper is being extracted from low grade ores as high-grade ores are
running out while copper is in demand and is expensive
If there are low amount of the ore in the ground, it is expensive because
large amounts of energy would be needed in the extraction process
Traditional extraction methods have major environmental impacts like
producing large amounts of solid waste and atmospheric pollution from
carbon dioxide / sulphur dioxide by more lorry traffic
Phytomining is used as the land contains very little of the metal and thus
smelting is uneconomical
Advantages of phytomining = less expensive and less energy to extract,
plants will remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they grow
Disadvantage of phytomining = not continuous as it takes a long time for
plant growth
, Titanium is more expensive than iron as there are more stages needed,
more energy needed, and expensive materials (e.g. argon) needed to
extract titanium. Also, titanium cannot be extracted by carbon
Argon is used in titanium reactions instead of oxygen because oxygen
reacts to form oxides whereas argon is unreactive
Alloys are used as they are stronger than pure metals, resistant to
corrosion and do not rust
Crude Oil and Fuels
An alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon (CnH2n+2)
Test for alkanes and alkenes = Add bromine water to the solution. Alkenes
(unsaturated hydrocarbon) will decolourise the solutions and Alkanes
(saturated hydrocarbons) will have no reaction.
Carbon monoxide is produced when there is incomplete combustion
Fractional distillation = Crude oil is heated to 350 °C Most of the
compounds in the crude oil evaporate When the hot vapours rise up
the fractional column, they cool vapours cool to boiling point and
condense at different temperatures, (with hydrocarbons with low
boiling points collected near the top of the column and vice versa) the
condensed fraction is separated and flows through a pipe.
Some of the hydrocarbons remain as liquids and liquids flow to the
bottom of the fractional column while some of the hydrocarbons remain
as gases which rise out of the top of the fractional column
Extraction of New Sources of Crude Oil
Advantages Disadvantages
Extraction is needed as crude oil is running out Destruction of environment
Extraction is needed as demand for oil is increasing Crude oil contains locked up carbon that releases it
as CO2 when burnt
Extraction can improve the local area’s economy Energy/Fuel is needed for cracking and fractional
distillation
The extraction process can provide mass Atmospheric, water pollution due to particulates
employment from burning fuels entering the environment
Crude oil is non-renewable
Products from Oil
Cracking involves heating alkanes to make a vapour.
Hydration is reaction with water or steam
The vapour is either passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam and
heated to a very high temperature
To make ethanol from cracking, once the ethene is formed from cracking,
add steam to the ethene with a catalyst to form ethanol.
Polymerisation = Monomers bond to form very large molecules
The plant material is crushed and the oil removed by pressing or in some
cases by distillation. Water and other impurities are removed.
