Structure and bonding
The metal atom loses an electron while the non-metal atom gains an
electron (involves electrons on the outer shell, so it gives a full outer
shell)
Structure of metals = arranged in a regular pattern of positive ions with
free electrons.
Metals conduct electricity because they have delocalised electrons, which
move within the metallic structure. Therefore, these electrons can carry a
current.
Diamond has a giant lattice structure with strong covalent bonds between
carbon atoms. Each carbon atom forms 4 bonds. However, graphite has
layers that can slide because there are weak intermolecular forces.
Chlorine gas has covalent bonds between atoms. It is a simple molecule
with weak forces of attraction meaning it has a low boiling point. CO2 has
simple molecules with weak intermolecular forces so only needs a small
amount of energy to overcome
Sodium chloride has a high melting point due to a giant lattice structure
and the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Therefore NaCl has a high melting point because it takes a large amount of
energy to make the ions mobile.
Silicon dioxide has a high melting point because a lot of energy is needed
to break bonds due to its covalent bond and because of its lattice shape.
Ammonia has a low boiling point because it is a simple molecule so there
are weak intermolecular forces
Pure metals are arranged in layers and therefore pure metals are soft
because the atoms can slide over each other.
Atoms in alloys disrupt the structure, as the atoms are different sizes.
Therefore, alloys are harder as the atoms can’t slide over each other as
the layers are distorted
Thermosoftening plastics melt when heated as the chains have weak
intermolecular forces that are easily overcome when heated
Recycling plastic = Plastic bottles are heated and then moulded into a new
shape because the polymer chains have weak intermolecular forces. This
allows the polymer molecules to become mobile when heated
Nanotubes are particles 1-100nm
Carbon nanotubes are used as lubricants as nanotubes can slide over each
other because there are weak intermolecular forces
Graphite can conduct electricity because it has delocalised electrons that
can move through the graphite.
Things melt at a lower temperature because it has weaker/fewer bonds.
How much?
Ammonium nitrate is a fertiliser
Mass spectrometer = faster, more accurate, detects smaller amounts
Reasons why yield is not 100% = reversible reaction or product is lost
The metal atom loses an electron while the non-metal atom gains an
electron (involves electrons on the outer shell, so it gives a full outer
shell)
Structure of metals = arranged in a regular pattern of positive ions with
free electrons.
Metals conduct electricity because they have delocalised electrons, which
move within the metallic structure. Therefore, these electrons can carry a
current.
Diamond has a giant lattice structure with strong covalent bonds between
carbon atoms. Each carbon atom forms 4 bonds. However, graphite has
layers that can slide because there are weak intermolecular forces.
Chlorine gas has covalent bonds between atoms. It is a simple molecule
with weak forces of attraction meaning it has a low boiling point. CO2 has
simple molecules with weak intermolecular forces so only needs a small
amount of energy to overcome
Sodium chloride has a high melting point due to a giant lattice structure
and the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Therefore NaCl has a high melting point because it takes a large amount of
energy to make the ions mobile.
Silicon dioxide has a high melting point because a lot of energy is needed
to break bonds due to its covalent bond and because of its lattice shape.
Ammonia has a low boiling point because it is a simple molecule so there
are weak intermolecular forces
Pure metals are arranged in layers and therefore pure metals are soft
because the atoms can slide over each other.
Atoms in alloys disrupt the structure, as the atoms are different sizes.
Therefore, alloys are harder as the atoms can’t slide over each other as
the layers are distorted
Thermosoftening plastics melt when heated as the chains have weak
intermolecular forces that are easily overcome when heated
Recycling plastic = Plastic bottles are heated and then moulded into a new
shape because the polymer chains have weak intermolecular forces. This
allows the polymer molecules to become mobile when heated
Nanotubes are particles 1-100nm
Carbon nanotubes are used as lubricants as nanotubes can slide over each
other because there are weak intermolecular forces
Graphite can conduct electricity because it has delocalised electrons that
can move through the graphite.
Things melt at a lower temperature because it has weaker/fewer bonds.
How much?
Ammonium nitrate is a fertiliser
Mass spectrometer = faster, more accurate, detects smaller amounts
Reasons why yield is not 100% = reversible reaction or product is lost
