CHEMISTRY AP Chemist Chemistry-Solution-MANUAL

CHAPTER 1 CHEMISTRY: THE STUDY OF CHANGE Problem Categories Biological: 1.24, 1.48, 1.69, 1.70, 1.78, 1.84, 1.93, 1.95, 1.96, 1.97, 1.105. Conceptual: 1.3, 1.4, 1.11, 1.12, 1.15, 1.16, 1.54, 1.62, 1.89, 1.101, 1.103. Environmental: 1.70, 1.87, 1.89, 1.92, 1.98. Industrial: 1.51, 1.55, 1.72, 1.81, 1.91. Difficulty Level Easy: 1.3, 1.11, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.29, 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33, 1.34, 1.54, 1.55, 1.63, 1.64, 1.77, 1.80, 1.84, 1.89, 1.91. Medium: 1.4, 1.12, 1.16, 1.35, 1.36, 1.37, 1.38, 1.39, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42, 1.43, 1.44, 1.45, 1.46, 1.47, 1.48, 1.49, 1.50, 1.51, 1.52, 1.53, 1.56, 1.57, 1.59, 1.60, 1.61, 1.62, 1.70, 1.71, 1.72, 1.73, 1.74, 1.75, 1.76, 1.78, 1.79, 1.81, 1.82, 1.83, 1.85, 1.94, 1.95, 1.96, 1.97, 1.98. Difficult: 1.58, 1.65, 1.66, 1.67, 1.68, 1.69, 1.86, 1.87, 1.88, 1.90, 1.92, 1.93, 1.99, 1.100, 1.101, 1.102, 1.103, 1.104, 1.105, 1.106. 1.3 (a) Quantitative. This statement clearly involves a measurable distance. (b) Qualitative. This is a value judgment. There is no numerical scale of measurement for artistic excellence. (c) Qualitative. If the numerical values for the densities of ice and water were given, it would be a quantitative statement. (d) Qualitative. Another value judgment. (e) Qualitative. Even though numbers are involved, they are not the result of measurement. 1.4 (a) hypothesis (b) law (c) theory 1.11 (a) Chemical property. Oxygen gas is consumed in a combustion reaction; its composition and identity are changed. (b) Chemical property. The fertilizer is consumed by the growing plants; it is turned into vegetable matter (different composition). (c) Physical property. The measurement of the boiling point of water does not change its identity or composition. (d) Physical property. The measurement of the densities of lead and aluminum does not change their composition. (e) Chemical property. When uranium undergoes nuclear decay, the products are chemically different substances. 1.12 (a) Physical change. The helium isn't changed in any way by leaking out of the balloon. (b) Chemical change in the battery. (c) Physical change. The orange juice concentrate can be regenerated by evaporation of the water. (d) Chemical change. Photosynthesis changes water, carbon dioxide, etc., into complex organic matter. (e) Physical change. The salt can be recovered unchanged by evaporation. CHAPTER 1: CHEMISTRY--THE STUDY OF CHANGE 2 1.13 Li, lithium; F, fluorine; P, phosphorus; Cu, copper; As, arsenic; Zn, zinc; Cl, chlorine; Pt, platinum; Mg, magnesium; U, uranium; Al, aluminum; Si, silicon; Ne, neon. 1.14 (a) K (b) Sn (c) Cr (d) B (e) Ba (f) Pu (g) S (h) Ar (i) Hg 1.15 (a) element (b) compound (c) element (d) compound 1.16 (a) homogeneous mixture (b) element (c) compound (d) homogeneous mixture (e) heterogeneous mixture (f) homogeneous mixture (g) heterogeneous mixture 1.21 mass 586 g volume 188 mL density 3.12 g/mL === 1.22 Strategy: We are given the density and volume of a liquid and asked to calculate the mass of the liquid. Rearrange the density equation, Equation (1.1) of the text, to solve for mass. mass density volume = Solution: mass = density × volume 0.798 g 17.4 mL 1 mL mass of ethanol 13.9 g =× = 1.23 5 C ? C = ( F 32 F) 9 F ° ° °− ° × ° (a) 5 C ? C = (95 32) F 9 F ° ° − °× = ° 35 C° (b) 5 C ? C = (12 32) F 9 F ° ° − °× = ° − ° 11 C (c) 5 C ? C = (102 32) F 9 F ° ° − °× = ° 39 C° (d) 5 C ? C = (1852 32) F 9 F ° ° − °× = ° 1011 C° (e) 9 F ? F C 32 F 5 C ⎛ ⎞ ° ° =°× + ° ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ° 9 F ? F 273.15 C 32 F 5 C ⎛ ⎞ ° °=− °× + ° = ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ° − ° 459.67 F 1.24 Strategy: Find the appropriate equations for converting between Fahrenheit and Celsius and between Celsius and Fahrenheit given in Section 1.7 of the text. Substitute the temperature values given in the problem into the appropriate equation. (a) Conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius. 5 C ? C = ( F 32 F) 9 F