Physiological disorders and their care unit 14
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that causes high blood sugar levels. There are two types of
diabetes, type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when your immune system destroys
insulin cells in the pancreas, which regulates glucose metabolism. It is believed that type 1
diabetes is caused by genes and environmental factors. This is common in children and
adolescents and often runs in families, yet a genetic link has not yet been proved. Pancreas
cells that secrete insulin can be damaged by a viral infection so enough insulin cannot be
secreted for the body. There is too much blood glucose secreted which leads to dehydration.
After eating, blood glucose levels rise and stay and can result in death if left untreated as the
kidneys can't reabsorb it – it is excreted. The signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes is
increased thirst, frequent urination, bed-wetting, extreme hunger, blurred vision and fatigue.
Unlike type 1 diabetes, the difference between both types of diabetes is that type 2 occurs
when not enough insulin is produced in the body. This kind of diabetes is common in more
elderly people yet can also occur in younger individuals. If you are over 40, have a close
relative with diabetes, are obese and are of Asian, African-Caribbean heritage you are more
likely to get type 2 diabetes from the age of 25.
Type 2 diabetes symptoms are similar to type 1 but also include repeated cases of thrush
and itching around pubic area. Your fat, liver, and muscle cells do not respond correctly to
insulin when you have type 2 diabetes. This is called resistance insulin. As a consequence,
to be processed for energy, blood sugar does not get into these cells. The endocrine system
consists of endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to other
parts of the body. When a high level of sugar builds up in the blood as sugar does not reach
cells. This is called hyperglycemia. The body can't make use of glucose for energy. This
eventually leads to symptoms of type 2 diabetes. Diet contributes to the likelihood of getting
diabetes. Obesity is one of the main causes of diabetes. Most individuals who have been
diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are obese. A diet high in fat and energy and low in fibre is
dangerous as it impairs insulin action. It is a myth that high sugar intake contributes to the
likelihood of getting diabetes. Evidence states high intake of saturated fat is the leading
dietary cause of diabetes. The difference between the treatments of type 1 and 2 diabetes is
that type 1 can be managed by taking insulin to control your blood sugar. Managing type 2
diabetes requires exercise, changes to diet, medication and even be prescribed insulin.
Bowel cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Also known as colon or rectal
cancer, it is unclear what the cause of bowel cancer is, yet studies have shown that several
factors make it more likely to develop it. A lump of tissue is formed when cells divide and
grow rapidly in a part of your body. The lump of tissue is known as a tumor, it grows on the
inner lining of the colon. Individuals aged over 50, more than 9/10 cases occur, and in
individuals over the age of 70, almost 6 out of 10 cases develop. Also having family history
can increase the likelihood for a lifetime. Evidence suggests that a diet that contains a diet
high in red processed meat.
Symptoms include pooing more often with looser thinner poo with abdominal pain. Blood in
the poo without other piles symptoms. These symptoms often lead to weight loss.
A diagnosis is when a doctor determines the nature of a disease or disorder, based on signs,
symptoms and investigations. As well as taking a clinical history, recording the signs and
symptoms a patient presents, they will also carry out a series of tests to confirm the
diagnosis. Getting tested for diabetes type 1 involves taking a urine test and a blood sugar
test. If suspected, you will be sent to hospital straight away for a blood test until results are
given. If diagnosis is positive and you are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, you will be told
how to manage it such as being taught how to inject insulin. Type 2 diabetes is also tested
by blood and urine tests and results will be given between 1-2 days. If diagnosis is positive,
your GP will discuss the necessary lifestyle changes you must take to manage diabetes. You
may be prescribed medication and told you must attend regular checkups. You will also be
told to maintain a healthy lifestyle to avoid other health problems.
When you first see your GP regarding bowel cancer, they’ll ask whether you have a history
of bowel cancer in your family and ask for symptoms. The function of the digestive system is
, digestion and absorption. If bowel cancer goes untreated, it can grow deeper into the bowel
wall which causes diarrhea and abdominal pain. In comparison to the endocrine system,
whereby how the pancreas affects the blood glucose levels depending on what kind of
diabetes you have, the function of the pancreas is to regulate blood glucose levels.
They’ll carry out an examination known as the digital rectum exam (DRE) and an
examination of your abdomen to check for lumps. You will also be checked for anemia as
individuals with bowel cancer, tend to be iron deficient from the excessive bleeding. If your
symptoms suggest you are positive or uncertain, you will be referred immediately for an
examination called flexible sigmoidoscopy. This is a minimally invasive examination of the
large intestine through the rectum, using an endoscope. However, results may still be
uncertain and may require a colonoscopy or a CT colonoscopy. Individuals with bowel
obstruction will be diagnosed with a CT scan and individuals with low iron deficiency and
little to no symptoms of bowel cancer are usually diagnosed with a colonoscopy. A
colonoscopy is an examination of your entire bowel using a colonoscope. Your bowel must
be empty, so you will be recommended a special diet and laxatives a couple days prior to
your examination. A sedative will be given during the examination to help you relax as they
insert the colonoscope in your bottom to your large intestine. A CT colonoscopy uses a CT
scanner to provide a three-dimensional image of the large intestine and rectum. During the
procedure, gas will be inflated into the large intestine to inflate it to provide a better view of
the insides. This can help identify cancer for individuals with other medical issues. If bowel
cancer is diagnosed, you will have to take other tests to check if the cancer is spread to
other parts of the body using an MRI scan. This will provide a clear image of the surrounding
organs from where the bowel cancer has come from to check whether it is healthy. You will
also have a CT scan of your chest and abdomen to check whether the cancer has spread to
the liver or the lungs. After all tests have been completed, the stage of
cancer is likely to be determined in two ways. The TNM staging system indicates the size of
the tumor, whether it has spread to the lymph nodes, and whether it has spread to other
parts of the body. It is also staged numerically in 4 stages. Stage 1 is when it stays within the
lining of the bowel or rectum. Stage 2 is when it has spread beyond the layer of muscle
surrounding the bowel which may have entered surrounding organs. Stage 3 is when it has
spread to the lymph nodes and stage 4 is when the cancer has spread beyond the bowels
into another organ in the body such as the liver.
The treatment available for diabetes varies for everyone, not solely based on the type of
diabetes but also on individual differences such as obesity. The aim of the treatment is to
keep blood glucose levels as normal as possible. The treatment is based on being able to
self-manage and medical, psychological and lifestyle factors uniquely to every individual.
The treatments available range from medication, insulin to an artificial pancreas and herbal
and natural therapies. Treatments must be very well balanced to avoid diabetes
complications and shouldn't be underestimated. Type 1 diabetes treatment is a daily task.
The lack of insulin production requires a strict regimen to be followed. A very specific diet,
planned exercise, multiple daily insulin injections, and testing your blood glucose levels
several times a day. Treatment for type 2 is similar to type 1 one as it involves diet control,
exercise and at home glucose testing. In some cases, there will be oral medication and
insulin. There are many platforms of support available for individuals suffering with diabetes
such as support groups, helplines, advocacy services, and care events to get advice,
support and meet individuals suffering with diabetes.
Treatment of bowel cancer varies on which part of the bowel is affected and how far the
cancer has spread. Surgery is the main treatment; however, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or
biological treatments can be used alongside depending on the severity of the cancer. If the
cancer is detected early enough, it can be treated and prevented from coming back or
spreading to other parts of the body, however this isn't for definite and the cancer can be
hard to cure in more advanced stages, however the spread of the cancer can be slowed,
and symptoms can be controlled. Your treatment will be decided alongside your
multidisciplinary team. This will include a specialist cancer surgeon, oncologist, radiologist
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that causes high blood sugar levels. There are two types of
diabetes, type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when your immune system destroys
insulin cells in the pancreas, which regulates glucose metabolism. It is believed that type 1
diabetes is caused by genes and environmental factors. This is common in children and
adolescents and often runs in families, yet a genetic link has not yet been proved. Pancreas
cells that secrete insulin can be damaged by a viral infection so enough insulin cannot be
secreted for the body. There is too much blood glucose secreted which leads to dehydration.
After eating, blood glucose levels rise and stay and can result in death if left untreated as the
kidneys can't reabsorb it – it is excreted. The signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes is
increased thirst, frequent urination, bed-wetting, extreme hunger, blurred vision and fatigue.
Unlike type 1 diabetes, the difference between both types of diabetes is that type 2 occurs
when not enough insulin is produced in the body. This kind of diabetes is common in more
elderly people yet can also occur in younger individuals. If you are over 40, have a close
relative with diabetes, are obese and are of Asian, African-Caribbean heritage you are more
likely to get type 2 diabetes from the age of 25.
Type 2 diabetes symptoms are similar to type 1 but also include repeated cases of thrush
and itching around pubic area. Your fat, liver, and muscle cells do not respond correctly to
insulin when you have type 2 diabetes. This is called resistance insulin. As a consequence,
to be processed for energy, blood sugar does not get into these cells. The endocrine system
consists of endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to other
parts of the body. When a high level of sugar builds up in the blood as sugar does not reach
cells. This is called hyperglycemia. The body can't make use of glucose for energy. This
eventually leads to symptoms of type 2 diabetes. Diet contributes to the likelihood of getting
diabetes. Obesity is one of the main causes of diabetes. Most individuals who have been
diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are obese. A diet high in fat and energy and low in fibre is
dangerous as it impairs insulin action. It is a myth that high sugar intake contributes to the
likelihood of getting diabetes. Evidence states high intake of saturated fat is the leading
dietary cause of diabetes. The difference between the treatments of type 1 and 2 diabetes is
that type 1 can be managed by taking insulin to control your blood sugar. Managing type 2
diabetes requires exercise, changes to diet, medication and even be prescribed insulin.
Bowel cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Also known as colon or rectal
cancer, it is unclear what the cause of bowel cancer is, yet studies have shown that several
factors make it more likely to develop it. A lump of tissue is formed when cells divide and
grow rapidly in a part of your body. The lump of tissue is known as a tumor, it grows on the
inner lining of the colon. Individuals aged over 50, more than 9/10 cases occur, and in
individuals over the age of 70, almost 6 out of 10 cases develop. Also having family history
can increase the likelihood for a lifetime. Evidence suggests that a diet that contains a diet
high in red processed meat.
Symptoms include pooing more often with looser thinner poo with abdominal pain. Blood in
the poo without other piles symptoms. These symptoms often lead to weight loss.
A diagnosis is when a doctor determines the nature of a disease or disorder, based on signs,
symptoms and investigations. As well as taking a clinical history, recording the signs and
symptoms a patient presents, they will also carry out a series of tests to confirm the
diagnosis. Getting tested for diabetes type 1 involves taking a urine test and a blood sugar
test. If suspected, you will be sent to hospital straight away for a blood test until results are
given. If diagnosis is positive and you are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, you will be told
how to manage it such as being taught how to inject insulin. Type 2 diabetes is also tested
by blood and urine tests and results will be given between 1-2 days. If diagnosis is positive,
your GP will discuss the necessary lifestyle changes you must take to manage diabetes. You
may be prescribed medication and told you must attend regular checkups. You will also be
told to maintain a healthy lifestyle to avoid other health problems.
When you first see your GP regarding bowel cancer, they’ll ask whether you have a history
of bowel cancer in your family and ask for symptoms. The function of the digestive system is
, digestion and absorption. If bowel cancer goes untreated, it can grow deeper into the bowel
wall which causes diarrhea and abdominal pain. In comparison to the endocrine system,
whereby how the pancreas affects the blood glucose levels depending on what kind of
diabetes you have, the function of the pancreas is to regulate blood glucose levels.
They’ll carry out an examination known as the digital rectum exam (DRE) and an
examination of your abdomen to check for lumps. You will also be checked for anemia as
individuals with bowel cancer, tend to be iron deficient from the excessive bleeding. If your
symptoms suggest you are positive or uncertain, you will be referred immediately for an
examination called flexible sigmoidoscopy. This is a minimally invasive examination of the
large intestine through the rectum, using an endoscope. However, results may still be
uncertain and may require a colonoscopy or a CT colonoscopy. Individuals with bowel
obstruction will be diagnosed with a CT scan and individuals with low iron deficiency and
little to no symptoms of bowel cancer are usually diagnosed with a colonoscopy. A
colonoscopy is an examination of your entire bowel using a colonoscope. Your bowel must
be empty, so you will be recommended a special diet and laxatives a couple days prior to
your examination. A sedative will be given during the examination to help you relax as they
insert the colonoscope in your bottom to your large intestine. A CT colonoscopy uses a CT
scanner to provide a three-dimensional image of the large intestine and rectum. During the
procedure, gas will be inflated into the large intestine to inflate it to provide a better view of
the insides. This can help identify cancer for individuals with other medical issues. If bowel
cancer is diagnosed, you will have to take other tests to check if the cancer is spread to
other parts of the body using an MRI scan. This will provide a clear image of the surrounding
organs from where the bowel cancer has come from to check whether it is healthy. You will
also have a CT scan of your chest and abdomen to check whether the cancer has spread to
the liver or the lungs. After all tests have been completed, the stage of
cancer is likely to be determined in two ways. The TNM staging system indicates the size of
the tumor, whether it has spread to the lymph nodes, and whether it has spread to other
parts of the body. It is also staged numerically in 4 stages. Stage 1 is when it stays within the
lining of the bowel or rectum. Stage 2 is when it has spread beyond the layer of muscle
surrounding the bowel which may have entered surrounding organs. Stage 3 is when it has
spread to the lymph nodes and stage 4 is when the cancer has spread beyond the bowels
into another organ in the body such as the liver.
The treatment available for diabetes varies for everyone, not solely based on the type of
diabetes but also on individual differences such as obesity. The aim of the treatment is to
keep blood glucose levels as normal as possible. The treatment is based on being able to
self-manage and medical, psychological and lifestyle factors uniquely to every individual.
The treatments available range from medication, insulin to an artificial pancreas and herbal
and natural therapies. Treatments must be very well balanced to avoid diabetes
complications and shouldn't be underestimated. Type 1 diabetes treatment is a daily task.
The lack of insulin production requires a strict regimen to be followed. A very specific diet,
planned exercise, multiple daily insulin injections, and testing your blood glucose levels
several times a day. Treatment for type 2 is similar to type 1 one as it involves diet control,
exercise and at home glucose testing. In some cases, there will be oral medication and
insulin. There are many platforms of support available for individuals suffering with diabetes
such as support groups, helplines, advocacy services, and care events to get advice,
support and meet individuals suffering with diabetes.
Treatment of bowel cancer varies on which part of the bowel is affected and how far the
cancer has spread. Surgery is the main treatment; however, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or
biological treatments can be used alongside depending on the severity of the cancer. If the
cancer is detected early enough, it can be treated and prevented from coming back or
spreading to other parts of the body, however this isn't for definite and the cancer can be
hard to cure in more advanced stages, however the spread of the cancer can be slowed,
and symptoms can be controlled. Your treatment will be decided alongside your
multidisciplinary team. This will include a specialist cancer surgeon, oncologist, radiologist
