Inhoud
1. Onderzoeksproblemen, -vragen en hypotheses.................................................................................4
1.1 Overzicht onderzoeksproblemen..................................................................................................4
1.1.1 Terminologie..........................................................................................................................4
1.1.2 Onderzoeksproblemen en paradigma...................................................................................4
1.1.3 Bronnen van onderzoeksproblemen......................................................................................4
1.2 Ontwikkelen en verfijnen onderzoeksproblemen.........................................................................4
1.2.1 Selecteren en verfijnen van het onderwerp..........................................................................4
1.2.2 Evalueren onderzoeksproblemen..........................................................................................5
1.3 Het beschrijven van onderzoeksproblemen en -vragen...............................................................6
1.3.1 Verklaringen van doelstellingen/problem statements...........................................................6
1.3.2 Onderzoeksvragen.................................................................................................................6
1.3.3 Probleemstellingen/problem statements..............................................................................7
1.4 Onderzoekshypotheses................................................................................................................7
1.4.1 Functies van hypotheses in kwantitatief onderzoek..............................................................7
1.4.2 Karakteristieken van hypotheses...........................................................................................7
1.4.3 Het afleiden van hypotheses.................................................................................................7
1.4.4 Formulering hypotheses........................................................................................................7
1.4.5 Hypotheses testen en bewijzen.............................................................................................8
1.5 Kritiek op onderzoeksproblemen, onderzoeksvraag en hypotheses............................................8
2. Literatuur beoordelingen -bewijzen vinden en bekritiseren.............................................................10
2.1 Lokaliseren van relevante literatuur voor onderzoek.................................................................10
2.1.1 Zoekstrategie formuleren....................................................................................................10
2.1.2 Zoeken in bibliografische databasen....................................................................................10
2.1.3 Belangrijke elektronische databasen voor gezondheidsonderzoekers................................10
2.1.4 Screenen en verzamelen van bronnen.................................................................................10
2.1.5 Documentatie bij het verzamelen van literatuur.................................................................10
3. Ethiek in onderzoek..........................................................................................................................13
3.1 Ethiek en onderzoek...................................................................................................................13
3.1.1 Ethische codes.....................................................................................................................13
3.1.2 Overheidsregels om participanten te beschermen..............................................................13
3.1.3 Ethische dilemma’s en uitvoeren van onderzoek................................................................14
3.2 Ethische principes om studie deelnemers te beschermen.........................................................14
3.2.1 Beneficence (goed doen).....................................................................................................14
3.2.2 Respect voor menselijke waardigheid.................................................................................15
, 3.2.3 Gerechtigheid......................................................................................................................16
3.3 Procedures voor studie deelnemers te beschermen..................................................................17
3.3.1 Risico/voordelen assessments (risk benefit assessments)...................................................17
3.3.2 Informed consent and participant authorization.................................................................17
3.3.3 Confidentiële procedures....................................................................................................19
3.3.4 Debriefing, communicatie en verwijzingen..........................................................................19
3.3.5 Treatment of vulnerable groups..........................................................................................19
3.3.6 External reviews and the protection of human rights..........................................................20
3.3.7 Building ethics into the design of the study.........................................................................20
3.4 Andere ethische problemen.......................................................................................................20
4. Kwantitatief onderzoeksdesign........................................................................................................22
4.1 Generaal design problemen........................................................................................................22
4.1.1 Causaliteit............................................................................................................................22
4.1.2 Onderzoeksterminologie.....................................................................................................22
4.2 Experimenteel design.................................................................................................................23
4.2.1 Ontwerpkenmerken van het design van ware experimenten..............................................23
4.2.2 Specifieke experimentele design.........................................................................................28
4.2.3 Sterktes en beperkingen......................................................................................................30
4.3 Quasi-experimenten...................................................................................................................31
4.3.1 Quasi-experimenteel design................................................................................................31
4.3.2 Quasi-experimenteel en vergelijkingsvoorwaarden............................................................33
4.3.3 Sterktes en limieten van quasi-experimenteel design.........................................................33
4.4 Nonexperimenteel / oberservationeel onderzoek......................................................................33
4.4.1 Correlationeel onderzoek naar oorzaken.............................................................................33
4.4.2 Beschrijvend onderzoek.......................................................................................................36
4.4.3 Sterktes en beperkingen van correlationeel onderzoek......................................................36
4.5 Design and research evidence....................................................................................................37
5. Rigor and validity in quantitative research.......................................................................................38
5.1 Validity and inference.................................................................................................................38
5.2 Controlling confounders.............................................................................................................38
5.3 Statistical conclusion validity......................................................................................................40
5.4 Internal validity...........................................................................................................................41
5.5 Construct validity........................................................................................................................44
5.6 External validity..........................................................................................................................45
5.7 Trade-offs and priorities in study validity...................................................................................46
5.8 Onderzoeks-voorbeeld...............................................................................................................46
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,6. Specifieke types van kwantitatief onderzoek...................................................................................48
6.1 Clinical Trials...............................................................................................................................48
6.2 Evaluatie onderzoek...................................................................................................................49
6.3 Health services and outcome research.......................................................................................51
6.4 Survey research..........................................................................................................................51
6.5 Andere types van research.........................................................................................................53
7. Sampling in kwantitatief onderzoek.................................................................................................55
7.1 Basic sampling concepts.............................................................................................................55
7.2 Nonprobability sampling.............................................................................................................56
7.3 Probability sampling...................................................................................................................57
7.4 Sample size in quantitative studies.............................................................................................59
7.5 Implementeren van een kwantitatief sampling plan..................................................................61
7.6 Oefeningen.................................................................................................................................62
8. Data collectie in kwantitatief onderzoek..........................................................................................65
8.1 Developing a data collection plan...............................................................................................65
8.2 Structured selfreport instruments..............................................................................................66
8.2.1 Types structured questions..................................................................................................67
8.2.2 Composte scales and other structured self-reports.............................................................68
8.2.3 Questionnaires VS interviews..............................................................................................69
8.2.4 Designing structured self-report instruments......................................................................69
8.2.5 Administering structured self-report questions...................................................................70
8.2.6 Evaluation of structured self-reports...................................................................................71
8.3 Structured observation...............................................................................................................71
8.4 Biophysiologic measures.............................................................................................................71
8.5 Implementeren van een datacollectie plan................................................................................72
9. Measurement and data quality........................................................................................................73
9.1 Measurement.............................................................................................................................73
9.1.1 Theories of measurement....................................................................................................73
9.1.2 Errors of measurement........................................................................................................73
9.1.3 Major types of measure.......................................................................................................73
9.2 Measurement properties: an overview......................................................................................74
9.2.1 A measurement taxonomy..................................................................................................74
9.2.2 Measurement and statistics.................................................................................................74
9.3 Reliability....................................................................................................................................75
9.3.1 Reliability.............................................................................................................................75
9.3.2 Internal consistency.............................................................................................................76
2
, 9.4 Validity........................................................................................................................................76
9.4.1 Content and face validity.....................................................................................................76
9.4.2 Criterion validity..................................................................................................................77
9.4.3 Construct validity.................................................................................................................78
9.4.4 Interpretatie van validiteit...................................................................................................79
9.5 Reliability of change scores.........................................................................................................80
9.6 Responsiveness...........................................................................................................................80
10. Basics of Mixed Methods Research................................................................................................81
10.1 Korte geschiedenis....................................................................................................................81
10.2 Wat is mixed methods research?..............................................................................................82
10.3 Doelen van mixed methods research.......................................................................................82
10.4 Mixed method design: typologie..............................................................................................83
10.5 Sampling in mixed methods research.......................................................................................85
10.6 Sterktes en zwaktes..................................................................................................................86
10.7 Rol in ontwikkeling en evaluatie van complexe interventies....................................................86
10.8 Slotbedenkingen.......................................................................................................................87
11. Epidemiologie: basis concepten en definities.................................................................................88
11.1 Introductie................................................................................................................................88
11.2 Measures of disease frequency................................................................................................89
11.3 Standardization.........................................................................................................................91
11.4 Measures of association...........................................................................................................92
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1. Onderzoeksproblemen, -vragen en hypotheses.................................................................................4
1.1 Overzicht onderzoeksproblemen..................................................................................................4
1.1.1 Terminologie..........................................................................................................................4
1.1.2 Onderzoeksproblemen en paradigma...................................................................................4
1.1.3 Bronnen van onderzoeksproblemen......................................................................................4
1.2 Ontwikkelen en verfijnen onderzoeksproblemen.........................................................................4
1.2.1 Selecteren en verfijnen van het onderwerp..........................................................................4
1.2.2 Evalueren onderzoeksproblemen..........................................................................................5
1.3 Het beschrijven van onderzoeksproblemen en -vragen...............................................................6
1.3.1 Verklaringen van doelstellingen/problem statements...........................................................6
1.3.2 Onderzoeksvragen.................................................................................................................6
1.3.3 Probleemstellingen/problem statements..............................................................................7
1.4 Onderzoekshypotheses................................................................................................................7
1.4.1 Functies van hypotheses in kwantitatief onderzoek..............................................................7
1.4.2 Karakteristieken van hypotheses...........................................................................................7
1.4.3 Het afleiden van hypotheses.................................................................................................7
1.4.4 Formulering hypotheses........................................................................................................7
1.4.5 Hypotheses testen en bewijzen.............................................................................................8
1.5 Kritiek op onderzoeksproblemen, onderzoeksvraag en hypotheses............................................8
2. Literatuur beoordelingen -bewijzen vinden en bekritiseren.............................................................10
2.1 Lokaliseren van relevante literatuur voor onderzoek.................................................................10
2.1.1 Zoekstrategie formuleren....................................................................................................10
2.1.2 Zoeken in bibliografische databasen....................................................................................10
2.1.3 Belangrijke elektronische databasen voor gezondheidsonderzoekers................................10
2.1.4 Screenen en verzamelen van bronnen.................................................................................10
2.1.5 Documentatie bij het verzamelen van literatuur.................................................................10
3. Ethiek in onderzoek..........................................................................................................................13
3.1 Ethiek en onderzoek...................................................................................................................13
3.1.1 Ethische codes.....................................................................................................................13
3.1.2 Overheidsregels om participanten te beschermen..............................................................13
3.1.3 Ethische dilemma’s en uitvoeren van onderzoek................................................................14
3.2 Ethische principes om studie deelnemers te beschermen.........................................................14
3.2.1 Beneficence (goed doen).....................................................................................................14
3.2.2 Respect voor menselijke waardigheid.................................................................................15
, 3.2.3 Gerechtigheid......................................................................................................................16
3.3 Procedures voor studie deelnemers te beschermen..................................................................17
3.3.1 Risico/voordelen assessments (risk benefit assessments)...................................................17
3.3.2 Informed consent and participant authorization.................................................................17
3.3.3 Confidentiële procedures....................................................................................................19
3.3.4 Debriefing, communicatie en verwijzingen..........................................................................19
3.3.5 Treatment of vulnerable groups..........................................................................................19
3.3.6 External reviews and the protection of human rights..........................................................20
3.3.7 Building ethics into the design of the study.........................................................................20
3.4 Andere ethische problemen.......................................................................................................20
4. Kwantitatief onderzoeksdesign........................................................................................................22
4.1 Generaal design problemen........................................................................................................22
4.1.1 Causaliteit............................................................................................................................22
4.1.2 Onderzoeksterminologie.....................................................................................................22
4.2 Experimenteel design.................................................................................................................23
4.2.1 Ontwerpkenmerken van het design van ware experimenten..............................................23
4.2.2 Specifieke experimentele design.........................................................................................28
4.2.3 Sterktes en beperkingen......................................................................................................30
4.3 Quasi-experimenten...................................................................................................................31
4.3.1 Quasi-experimenteel design................................................................................................31
4.3.2 Quasi-experimenteel en vergelijkingsvoorwaarden............................................................33
4.3.3 Sterktes en limieten van quasi-experimenteel design.........................................................33
4.4 Nonexperimenteel / oberservationeel onderzoek......................................................................33
4.4.1 Correlationeel onderzoek naar oorzaken.............................................................................33
4.4.2 Beschrijvend onderzoek.......................................................................................................36
4.4.3 Sterktes en beperkingen van correlationeel onderzoek......................................................36
4.5 Design and research evidence....................................................................................................37
5. Rigor and validity in quantitative research.......................................................................................38
5.1 Validity and inference.................................................................................................................38
5.2 Controlling confounders.............................................................................................................38
5.3 Statistical conclusion validity......................................................................................................40
5.4 Internal validity...........................................................................................................................41
5.5 Construct validity........................................................................................................................44
5.6 External validity..........................................................................................................................45
5.7 Trade-offs and priorities in study validity...................................................................................46
5.8 Onderzoeks-voorbeeld...............................................................................................................46
1
,6. Specifieke types van kwantitatief onderzoek...................................................................................48
6.1 Clinical Trials...............................................................................................................................48
6.2 Evaluatie onderzoek...................................................................................................................49
6.3 Health services and outcome research.......................................................................................51
6.4 Survey research..........................................................................................................................51
6.5 Andere types van research.........................................................................................................53
7. Sampling in kwantitatief onderzoek.................................................................................................55
7.1 Basic sampling concepts.............................................................................................................55
7.2 Nonprobability sampling.............................................................................................................56
7.3 Probability sampling...................................................................................................................57
7.4 Sample size in quantitative studies.............................................................................................59
7.5 Implementeren van een kwantitatief sampling plan..................................................................61
7.6 Oefeningen.................................................................................................................................62
8. Data collectie in kwantitatief onderzoek..........................................................................................65
8.1 Developing a data collection plan...............................................................................................65
8.2 Structured selfreport instruments..............................................................................................66
8.2.1 Types structured questions..................................................................................................67
8.2.2 Composte scales and other structured self-reports.............................................................68
8.2.3 Questionnaires VS interviews..............................................................................................69
8.2.4 Designing structured self-report instruments......................................................................69
8.2.5 Administering structured self-report questions...................................................................70
8.2.6 Evaluation of structured self-reports...................................................................................71
8.3 Structured observation...............................................................................................................71
8.4 Biophysiologic measures.............................................................................................................71
8.5 Implementeren van een datacollectie plan................................................................................72
9. Measurement and data quality........................................................................................................73
9.1 Measurement.............................................................................................................................73
9.1.1 Theories of measurement....................................................................................................73
9.1.2 Errors of measurement........................................................................................................73
9.1.3 Major types of measure.......................................................................................................73
9.2 Measurement properties: an overview......................................................................................74
9.2.1 A measurement taxonomy..................................................................................................74
9.2.2 Measurement and statistics.................................................................................................74
9.3 Reliability....................................................................................................................................75
9.3.1 Reliability.............................................................................................................................75
9.3.2 Internal consistency.............................................................................................................76
2
, 9.4 Validity........................................................................................................................................76
9.4.1 Content and face validity.....................................................................................................76
9.4.2 Criterion validity..................................................................................................................77
9.4.3 Construct validity.................................................................................................................78
9.4.4 Interpretatie van validiteit...................................................................................................79
9.5 Reliability of change scores.........................................................................................................80
9.6 Responsiveness...........................................................................................................................80
10. Basics of Mixed Methods Research................................................................................................81
10.1 Korte geschiedenis....................................................................................................................81
10.2 Wat is mixed methods research?..............................................................................................82
10.3 Doelen van mixed methods research.......................................................................................82
10.4 Mixed method design: typologie..............................................................................................83
10.5 Sampling in mixed methods research.......................................................................................85
10.6 Sterktes en zwaktes..................................................................................................................86
10.7 Rol in ontwikkeling en evaluatie van complexe interventies....................................................86
10.8 Slotbedenkingen.......................................................................................................................87
11. Epidemiologie: basis concepten en definities.................................................................................88
11.1 Introductie................................................................................................................................88
11.2 Measures of disease frequency................................................................................................89
11.3 Standardization.........................................................................................................................91
11.4 Measures of association...........................................................................................................92
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