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Thesis

Graduation thesis - Chemistry - Recyclable vitrimers as bonding layers for flexible packaging

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Topic thesis: Recyclable Vitrimers as Adhesion Layers for Flexible Packaging English, but easy to read. Very extensive thesis. Good to use as a guide. Graduated with a 9.8 thanks to this report. Also clearly processed source citations etc.

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Recyclable vitrimers as adhesive layers for
flexible packaging
Final Report




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,Preface
I would like to express my gratitude towards my colleagues PhD. XXXXXXXX and PhD. XXXXXXXX for
their guidance during the project and continuous support to progress the research. Furthermore, I
would like to thank XXXXXXX for his practical help and making it possible to finish the project in a
timely fashion.




1

,Summary
Plastic packaging is one of the most important contributors to protecting food from spoiling. To
improve the safety and quality of packed fresh products, as well as to reduce the total amount of
materials needed, multilayered packaging rather than single layer packaging is often used. Currently,
the total amount of multilayered packaging films in Europe is over 17.7 billion m 2. One of the biggest
disadvantages of multilayered packaging is the difficult recyclability. This is mainly due to the
presence of tie layers which hinder the delamination of materials into mono-material recycle
streams. The proposed synthesis for this project aims to create a recyclable, thermally reversible tie
layer which compatibilizes PE and PET. In order to do so, the acid groups of PET are reacted with the
epoxy groups of DGEBA under the presence of a 2-EI catalyst in an industrial twin drive mixer to form
an extended PET polymer with newly formed alcohol groups (PET-OH). Films form this synthesized
polymer can be laminated against polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride groups (PE-MAH) by
means of reactive compatibilization in an industrial press to form the thermally reversible tie layer.
By utilizing two IR methods the OH and COOH end-group concentrations and Mn of the commercial
PET was calculated. The calculated Mn was used in determining the stoichiometric ratio between PET
and DGEBA. A DOE has been made to screen the impact of % DGEBA and % 2-EI in conversion of end-
groups and concomitant generation of -OH. Analyzing the synthesized PET-OH polymer with IR
proves that new alcohol groups were formed. DSC analysis showed a shift in crystallization peaks for
samples containing both DGEBA and 2-EI . Color analysis of the samples showed that 2-EI and DGEBA
are responsible for the yellowing of the synthesized PET-OH polymer which rules out yellowing due
to thermal degradation during the synthesis.

Samenvatting
Plastic verpakkingen zijn een van de belangrijkste bijdragers voor het beschermen van voedsel tegen
bederf. Om de veiligheid en kwaliteit van verpakte verse producten te verbeteren en om de totale
hoeveelheid benodigde materialen te verminderen, worden vaak meerlagige verpakkingen in plaats
van enkellaagse verpakkingen gebruikt. Momenteel bedraagt het totale aantal meerlagige
verpakkingsfolies in Europa meer dan 17,7 miljard m 2. Een van de grootste nadelen van meerlaagse
verpakkingen is de moeilijke recycleerbaarheid. Dit komt voornamelijk door de aanwezigheid van
bindlagen die de delaminatie van materialen in monomateriaal recycle stromen belemmeren. De
voorgestelde synthese voor dit project heeft tot doel een recyclebare, thermisch omkeerbare
bindlaag te creëren die PE en PET compatibel maakt. Om dit te doen, reageren de zuurgroepen van
PET met de epoxygroepen van DGEBA onder de aanwezigheid van een 2-EI-katalysator in een
industriële mixer met dubbele aandrijving om een verlengd PET-polymeer te vormen met
nieuwgevormde alcoholgroepen (PET-OH). Films van dit gesynthetiseerde polymeer kunnen worden
gelamineerd tegen polyethyleen geënt met maleïnezuuranhydridegroepen (PE-MAH) door middel
van reactieve compatibilisatie in een industriële pers om de thermisch omkeerbare bindlaag te
vormen. Door gebruik te maken van twee IR-methoden werden de OH- en COOH-
eindgroepconcentraties en Mn van commerciële PET berekend. De berekende Mn werd gebruikt bij
het bepalen van de stoichiometrische verhouding tussen PET en DGEBA. Er is een DOE gemaakt om
de impact van het % DGEBA en het % 2-EI te screenen op conversie van eindgroepen en gelijktijdige
generatie van -OH. Het analyseren van het gesynthetiseerde PET-OH-polymeer met IR bewijst dat er
nieuwe alcoholgroepen zijn gevormd. DSC-analyse toonde dat een verschuiving in kristallisatie
temperatuur plaats vindt voor monsters welke zowel DGEBA als 2-EI bevatten. Kleuranalyse van de
monsters toonde aan dat 2-EI en DGEBA verantwoordelijk zijn voor de vergeling van het
gesynthetiseerde PET-OH-polymeer, wat betekent dat er tijdens de synthese geen afbraak optrad.




2

, Abbreviations
CANs Covalent adaptable networks

DSC Differential scanning calorimetry

DGEBA Bisfenol A diglycidylether

EVA Ethylene-vinyl acetate

EVOH Ethylene-vinyl alcohol

FTIR Fourier-transform-infrared

F-NMR Fluor nuclear magnetic resonance

GPC Gel permeation chromatography

HDPE High density polyethylene

H-NMR Proton nuclear magnetic resonance

LDPE Light density polyethylene

LLDPE Linear low-density polyethylene

Mn Number average molecular mass

Mw Molecular mass

NIR Near infrared

PA Polyamide

PBT Poly(butyl terephthalate)

PE Polyethylene

PE-MAH Polyethylene Maleic anhydride

PET Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

PET-OH Poly(ethylene terephthalate) + DGEBA polymer

2-EI 2-ethylimidazole




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Uploaded on
July 28, 2021
Number of pages
43
Written in
2020/2021
Type
Thesis
Supervisor(s)
H. willems
Year
Unknown

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