Nagelhout Pharm 1, Exam 1 Question and Answer
[2026] | UPDATED ACTUAL Exam | Complete Exam
Prep
• Pharmacology -✓✓ the study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
• Pharmacokinetics -✓✓ the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion of drugs
• Pharmaceutics -✓✓ the formulation and preparation of drugs
• pharmacoeconomics -✓✓ the study of the economic impact of drugs
• toxicology -✓✓ the study of the harmful effects of chemicals
• pharmacognosy -✓✓ the study of the medicinal uses of naturally occurring compounds
• pharmacy -✓✓ the preparation and dispensing of drugs
• pharmacogenetics -✓✓ genetic influences by and on drugs
• pharmacodynamics -✓✓ physiological and biochemical mechanism of action of drugs
(e.g. receptor theory)
• pharmacogenomics -✓✓ identifies discrete genetic differences among individuals that
play a critical role in drug response
• pharmacoepidemiology -✓✓ is the study of the use and effects of drugs on large
groups of people
• ED50 -✓✓ Effective dose in 50% of the population
• TD50 -✓✓ Toxic Dose in 50% of the population
• LD50 -✓✓ Lethal Dose in 50% of the population
• Therapeutic index -✓✓ LD50/ED50
• Therapeutic window -✓✓ TD50/ED50
• Two types of ligands -✓✓ Agonist or Antagonist
, • Reversible binding of ligands is called -✓✓ competitive
• non-reversible binding of ligands is called -✓✓ noncompetitive
• 5 types of chemical bonds in order of increasing strength -✓✓ van der waals,
hydrophobic, hydrogen, ionic, covalent
• 5 types of chemical bonds in order of decreasing strength -✓✓ covalent, ionic,
hydrogen, hydrophobic, van der waals
• Occupation of receptors by ligands is governed by: -✓✓ affinity
• Activation of receptors by ligands is governed by: -✓✓ efficacy
• A dose response curve can show: -✓✓ Affinity (potency), Efficacy, Variability, Slope
• Up regulation -✓✓ an increase in receptor proteins as a response to chronic blockade
• Down regulation -✓✓ Desensitization (refractoriness) following continued stimulation
(agonists). Chronic beta stimulant use for asthma resulting in increased dose necessary
is an example
• Drug Interaction -✓✓ Alteration in the therapeutic action of a drug by concurrent
administration of other exogenous chemicals
• 1+1 = 2 -✓✓ Addition
• 1+1=3 -✓✓ synergism
• 1+0=3 -✓✓ potentiation
• antagonism -✓✓ 1+1=0
• pKa -✓✓ the ionization constant of a chemical compound. The pH at which the dug will
exist as 50% ionized and 50% non-ionized. All drugs are salts of a weak acid or base.
• A basic drug in an acid solution -✓✓ is ionized
• A basic drug in a basic solution -✓✓ is non-ionized (will go in the brain)
• A basic drug in a solution at it's pKa -✓✓ is 50/50 ionized/non-ionized
• An acid drug in a basic solution -✓✓ is ionized
[2026] | UPDATED ACTUAL Exam | Complete Exam
Prep
• Pharmacology -✓✓ the study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
• Pharmacokinetics -✓✓ the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion of drugs
• Pharmaceutics -✓✓ the formulation and preparation of drugs
• pharmacoeconomics -✓✓ the study of the economic impact of drugs
• toxicology -✓✓ the study of the harmful effects of chemicals
• pharmacognosy -✓✓ the study of the medicinal uses of naturally occurring compounds
• pharmacy -✓✓ the preparation and dispensing of drugs
• pharmacogenetics -✓✓ genetic influences by and on drugs
• pharmacodynamics -✓✓ physiological and biochemical mechanism of action of drugs
(e.g. receptor theory)
• pharmacogenomics -✓✓ identifies discrete genetic differences among individuals that
play a critical role in drug response
• pharmacoepidemiology -✓✓ is the study of the use and effects of drugs on large
groups of people
• ED50 -✓✓ Effective dose in 50% of the population
• TD50 -✓✓ Toxic Dose in 50% of the population
• LD50 -✓✓ Lethal Dose in 50% of the population
• Therapeutic index -✓✓ LD50/ED50
• Therapeutic window -✓✓ TD50/ED50
• Two types of ligands -✓✓ Agonist or Antagonist
, • Reversible binding of ligands is called -✓✓ competitive
• non-reversible binding of ligands is called -✓✓ noncompetitive
• 5 types of chemical bonds in order of increasing strength -✓✓ van der waals,
hydrophobic, hydrogen, ionic, covalent
• 5 types of chemical bonds in order of decreasing strength -✓✓ covalent, ionic,
hydrogen, hydrophobic, van der waals
• Occupation of receptors by ligands is governed by: -✓✓ affinity
• Activation of receptors by ligands is governed by: -✓✓ efficacy
• A dose response curve can show: -✓✓ Affinity (potency), Efficacy, Variability, Slope
• Up regulation -✓✓ an increase in receptor proteins as a response to chronic blockade
• Down regulation -✓✓ Desensitization (refractoriness) following continued stimulation
(agonists). Chronic beta stimulant use for asthma resulting in increased dose necessary
is an example
• Drug Interaction -✓✓ Alteration in the therapeutic action of a drug by concurrent
administration of other exogenous chemicals
• 1+1 = 2 -✓✓ Addition
• 1+1=3 -✓✓ synergism
• 1+0=3 -✓✓ potentiation
• antagonism -✓✓ 1+1=0
• pKa -✓✓ the ionization constant of a chemical compound. The pH at which the dug will
exist as 50% ionized and 50% non-ionized. All drugs are salts of a weak acid or base.
• A basic drug in an acid solution -✓✓ is ionized
• A basic drug in a basic solution -✓✓ is non-ionized (will go in the brain)
• A basic drug in a solution at it's pKa -✓✓ is 50/50 ionized/non-ionized
• An acid drug in a basic solution -✓✓ is ionized
