RTE 1503 Final Exam 2026/2027 UPDATED
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
• Falciform ligament -✓✓ Divides the right and left lobes located anterioly
• What are the 2 minor lobes in the liver and where are they located? -✓✓ Caudal and
quadratic located posteriorly
• How much bile is made in the liver? -✓✓ .5 to 1.5 liters per day
• Chole -✓✓ Bile
• Cholangio -✓✓ Biliary ducts or structures
• Cholecyst or cholecysto -✓✓ Gallbladder
• Choledocho -✓✓ Common bile duct (CBD)
• cyst or cysto -✓✓ Bladder
• Cholelithiasis -✓✓ Condition of having gallstones
• Gallbladder procedures -✓✓ 1. PTC: Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography;
2. Post-op or T-tube Cholangiogram;
3. Immediate or operative Cholangiogram
• Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography -✓✓ Accesses bile ducts with "skinny
needle" or Chiba through the intercostal rib space for drainage or imaging purposes
-can cause pneumothorax, punctured liver, hemorrage, sepsis
• Post-op or T-tube cholangiogram -✓✓ Exam where T-tube placed during surgery for
drainage
-done to check potency of biliary structures for no leakage
• Immediate or operative cholangiogram -✓✓ Common GB imaging study, watch
contrast fill biliary structures, after surgery to check for residual stones and fill
• What is the preferred position for gallbladder imaging and why? -✓✓ LAO, to keep
contrast in and move spine away from gallbladder
• Where is the gallbladder in an asthenic patient? -✓✓ Gallbladder near spine and low
,• Where is the gallbladder in an hypersthenic patient? -✓✓ Gallbladder up and near
diaphragm, transverse
• Chest pathologies -✓✓ Aspiration, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, COPD,
emphysema, metastases, plural effusion, pneumothorax, primary & secondary
tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis
• Aspiration -✓✓ Something stuck in the throat. Decrease technical factors due to soft
tissue
• Atelectasis -✓✓ Collapsed lung, partial or whole
-increase technique: absence of air
• Bronchiectasis -✓✓ Dense fluid in bronchiole in lower respiratory system
-Patient. Can cough it out on trendelenburg; no technique change
-same as Bronchitis
• COPD -✓✓ Culmination of 2 disease or more: lower technique due to air trapped in
lungs
• Emphysema -✓✓ Ruptured alveoli that has air stuck in them are dense and black:
lower technique
• Bulla -✓✓ Group of ruptured aveoli
• Metastases -✓✓ Secondary cancer spread from primary source.
-can be Osterlytic or additive: type unknown until X ray done
• Osterlytic -✓✓ Destructive: increase technique
• Osteoblastic -✓✓ Additive: decrease technique
• Plural effusion -✓✓ Fluid in the pleural cavity: increase technique
• Pneumothorax -✓✓ Air in pleural cavity: decrease technique
• Secondary tuberculosis -✓✓ TB in the upper lungs: decrease technique: additive
• Which position should the patient be in order to view secondary tuberculosis? -✓✓ AP
lordotic or lindblome
• Cystic Fibrosis -✓✓ Common inherited desease in which heavy mucus secreations
cause clogging of bronchi and bronchioles. Additive condition: increase technique
, • Upper GI pathologies -✓✓ achalasia, Barrett's esophagus, Zenker's diverticulum, and
hiatal hernia,
• achalasia -✓✓ disease of the esophageal sphincter, a neurological motor disorder of
nerves in the esophagus, food gets stuck
-"rat tail"
• Barrett's esophagus -✓✓ esophageal lining changes to smooth muscle and narrows,
results of having GERD for a long time, can develop into esophageal cancer
• Zenker's diverticulum -✓✓ outpouching of the esophageal walls just above the
esophageal sphincter. Caused by weakening of the muscle wall
• hiatal hernia -✓✓ gastric bubble of protruding aspect of stomach. Can be small or
large, produces Schatzki's ring
• Which upper GI pathology is most commonly found in UGI imaging? -✓✓ Hiatal Hernia
• Crohn's disease -✓✓ autoimmune disease in small intestine with walls inflamed.
"String sign" or "cobblestone" appearance
aka regional enteritis
• Lower GI pathologies -✓✓ Crohn's disease, Meckel's diverticulum, ulcerative colitis,
intussusception, volvulus, diverticulosis, and annular carcinoma
• Meckel's diverticulum -✓✓ Congenital outpouching of small bowel
• What is the best way to diagnose Meckel's diverticulum? -✓✓ Nuclear Medicine,
Barium will not show
• ulcerative colitis -✓✓ -Inflammatory bowel disease that involves only the colon and
rectum. No haustra, "lead pipe" or "stovepipe" appearance. Common is ages 18-25
• intussusception -✓✓ Telescoping of the intestines, "Mushroom cap", low pressure BE
with air to correct, caused by peristalsis
• volvulus -✓✓ A twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction. "beak-like"
appearance, intestines twist unto itself
• diverticulosis -✓✓ Abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall.
• annular carcinoma -✓✓ Most common form of carcinoma found in the large intestine.
"Apple-core" or "napkin-ring"
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
• Falciform ligament -✓✓ Divides the right and left lobes located anterioly
• What are the 2 minor lobes in the liver and where are they located? -✓✓ Caudal and
quadratic located posteriorly
• How much bile is made in the liver? -✓✓ .5 to 1.5 liters per day
• Chole -✓✓ Bile
• Cholangio -✓✓ Biliary ducts or structures
• Cholecyst or cholecysto -✓✓ Gallbladder
• Choledocho -✓✓ Common bile duct (CBD)
• cyst or cysto -✓✓ Bladder
• Cholelithiasis -✓✓ Condition of having gallstones
• Gallbladder procedures -✓✓ 1. PTC: Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography;
2. Post-op or T-tube Cholangiogram;
3. Immediate or operative Cholangiogram
• Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography -✓✓ Accesses bile ducts with "skinny
needle" or Chiba through the intercostal rib space for drainage or imaging purposes
-can cause pneumothorax, punctured liver, hemorrage, sepsis
• Post-op or T-tube cholangiogram -✓✓ Exam where T-tube placed during surgery for
drainage
-done to check potency of biliary structures for no leakage
• Immediate or operative cholangiogram -✓✓ Common GB imaging study, watch
contrast fill biliary structures, after surgery to check for residual stones and fill
• What is the preferred position for gallbladder imaging and why? -✓✓ LAO, to keep
contrast in and move spine away from gallbladder
• Where is the gallbladder in an asthenic patient? -✓✓ Gallbladder near spine and low
,• Where is the gallbladder in an hypersthenic patient? -✓✓ Gallbladder up and near
diaphragm, transverse
• Chest pathologies -✓✓ Aspiration, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, COPD,
emphysema, metastases, plural effusion, pneumothorax, primary & secondary
tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis
• Aspiration -✓✓ Something stuck in the throat. Decrease technical factors due to soft
tissue
• Atelectasis -✓✓ Collapsed lung, partial or whole
-increase technique: absence of air
• Bronchiectasis -✓✓ Dense fluid in bronchiole in lower respiratory system
-Patient. Can cough it out on trendelenburg; no technique change
-same as Bronchitis
• COPD -✓✓ Culmination of 2 disease or more: lower technique due to air trapped in
lungs
• Emphysema -✓✓ Ruptured alveoli that has air stuck in them are dense and black:
lower technique
• Bulla -✓✓ Group of ruptured aveoli
• Metastases -✓✓ Secondary cancer spread from primary source.
-can be Osterlytic or additive: type unknown until X ray done
• Osterlytic -✓✓ Destructive: increase technique
• Osteoblastic -✓✓ Additive: decrease technique
• Plural effusion -✓✓ Fluid in the pleural cavity: increase technique
• Pneumothorax -✓✓ Air in pleural cavity: decrease technique
• Secondary tuberculosis -✓✓ TB in the upper lungs: decrease technique: additive
• Which position should the patient be in order to view secondary tuberculosis? -✓✓ AP
lordotic or lindblome
• Cystic Fibrosis -✓✓ Common inherited desease in which heavy mucus secreations
cause clogging of bronchi and bronchioles. Additive condition: increase technique
, • Upper GI pathologies -✓✓ achalasia, Barrett's esophagus, Zenker's diverticulum, and
hiatal hernia,
• achalasia -✓✓ disease of the esophageal sphincter, a neurological motor disorder of
nerves in the esophagus, food gets stuck
-"rat tail"
• Barrett's esophagus -✓✓ esophageal lining changes to smooth muscle and narrows,
results of having GERD for a long time, can develop into esophageal cancer
• Zenker's diverticulum -✓✓ outpouching of the esophageal walls just above the
esophageal sphincter. Caused by weakening of the muscle wall
• hiatal hernia -✓✓ gastric bubble of protruding aspect of stomach. Can be small or
large, produces Schatzki's ring
• Which upper GI pathology is most commonly found in UGI imaging? -✓✓ Hiatal Hernia
• Crohn's disease -✓✓ autoimmune disease in small intestine with walls inflamed.
"String sign" or "cobblestone" appearance
aka regional enteritis
• Lower GI pathologies -✓✓ Crohn's disease, Meckel's diverticulum, ulcerative colitis,
intussusception, volvulus, diverticulosis, and annular carcinoma
• Meckel's diverticulum -✓✓ Congenital outpouching of small bowel
• What is the best way to diagnose Meckel's diverticulum? -✓✓ Nuclear Medicine,
Barium will not show
• ulcerative colitis -✓✓ -Inflammatory bowel disease that involves only the colon and
rectum. No haustra, "lead pipe" or "stovepipe" appearance. Common is ages 18-25
• intussusception -✓✓ Telescoping of the intestines, "Mushroom cap", low pressure BE
with air to correct, caused by peristalsis
• volvulus -✓✓ A twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction. "beak-like"
appearance, intestines twist unto itself
• diverticulosis -✓✓ Abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall.
• annular carcinoma -✓✓ Most common form of carcinoma found in the large intestine.
"Apple-core" or "napkin-ring"
