Pathophysiology Questions and answers
1. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia?
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
• Increased red-cell production
• Decreased capillary permeability
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
2. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially?
■ Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
3. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis?
■ Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
• It causes direct loss of bicarbonate from the intestine
• It always causes lactic acidosis
• It permanently increases carbon dioxide production
Answer: Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
4. Which pathophysiologic process is most characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
■ Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
• Excess insulin secretion caused by obesity alone
• Destruction of thyroid follicles
• Permanent overproduction of glucagon only
Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
5. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia What is the best next action?
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
• Increased red-cell production
• Decreased capillary permeability
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
6. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially What is the best next action?
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
■ Respiratory acidosis
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
7. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis What is the best next action?
• It causes direct loss of bicarbonate from the intestine
, • It always causes lactic acidosis
• It permanently increases carbon dioxide production
■ Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
Answer: Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
8. Which pathophysiologic process is most characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus What is the best next action?
• Excess insulin secretion caused by obesity alone
• Destruction of thyroid follicles
• Permanent overproduction of glucagon only
■ Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
9. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia Which choice is most appropriate?
• Increased red-cell production
• Decreased capillary permeability
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
10. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially Which choice is most appropriate?
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
■ Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
11. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis Which choice is most appropriate?
• It always causes lactic acidosis
• It permanently increases carbon dioxide production
■ Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
• It causes direct loss of bicarbonate from the intestine
Answer: Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
12. Which pathophysiologic process is most characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus Which choice is most appropriate?
• Destruction of thyroid follicles
• Permanent overproduction of glucagon only
■ Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
• Excess insulin secretion caused by obesity alone
Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
13. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia Which statement is most accurate?
• Decreased capillary permeability
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
• Increased red-cell production
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
,14. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially Which statement is most accurate?
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
■ Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
15. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis Which statement is most accurate?
• It permanently increases carbon dioxide production
■ Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
• It causes direct loss of bicarbonate from the intestine
• It always causes lactic acidosis
Answer: Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
16. Which pathophysiologic process is most characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus Which statement is most accurate?
• Permanent overproduction of glucagon only
■ Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
• Excess insulin secretion caused by obesity alone
• Destruction of thyroid follicles
Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
17. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia?
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
• Increased red-cell production
• Decreased capillary permeability
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
18. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially?
■ Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
19. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis?
■ Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
• It causes direct loss of bicarbonate from the intestine
• It always causes lactic acidosis
• It permanently increases carbon dioxide production
Answer: Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
20. Which pathophysiologic process is most characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
■ Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
• Excess insulin secretion caused by obesity alone
• Destruction of thyroid follicles
, • Permanent overproduction of glucagon only
Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
21. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia What is the best next action?
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
• Increased red-cell production
• Decreased capillary permeability
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
22. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially What is the best next action?
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
■ Respiratory acidosis
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
23. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis What is the best next action?
• It causes direct loss of bicarbonate from the intestine
• It always causes lactic acidosis
• It permanently increases carbon dioxide production
■ Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
Answer: Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
24. Which pathophysiologic process is most characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus What is the best next action?
• Excess insulin secretion caused by obesity alone
• Destruction of thyroid follicles
• Permanent overproduction of glucagon only
■ Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
25. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia Which choice is most appropriate?
• Increased red-cell production
• Decreased capillary permeability
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
26. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially Which choice is most appropriate?
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
■ Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
27. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis Which choice is most appropriate?
• It always causes lactic acidosis
1. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia?
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
• Increased red-cell production
• Decreased capillary permeability
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
2. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially?
■ Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
3. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis?
■ Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
• It causes direct loss of bicarbonate from the intestine
• It always causes lactic acidosis
• It permanently increases carbon dioxide production
Answer: Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
4. Which pathophysiologic process is most characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
■ Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
• Excess insulin secretion caused by obesity alone
• Destruction of thyroid follicles
• Permanent overproduction of glucagon only
Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
5. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia What is the best next action?
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
• Increased red-cell production
• Decreased capillary permeability
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
6. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially What is the best next action?
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
■ Respiratory acidosis
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
7. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis What is the best next action?
• It causes direct loss of bicarbonate from the intestine
, • It always causes lactic acidosis
• It permanently increases carbon dioxide production
■ Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
Answer: Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
8. Which pathophysiologic process is most characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus What is the best next action?
• Excess insulin secretion caused by obesity alone
• Destruction of thyroid follicles
• Permanent overproduction of glucagon only
■ Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
9. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia Which choice is most appropriate?
• Increased red-cell production
• Decreased capillary permeability
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
10. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially Which choice is most appropriate?
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
■ Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
11. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis Which choice is most appropriate?
• It always causes lactic acidosis
• It permanently increases carbon dioxide production
■ Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
• It causes direct loss of bicarbonate from the intestine
Answer: Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
12. Which pathophysiologic process is most characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus Which choice is most appropriate?
• Destruction of thyroid follicles
• Permanent overproduction of glucagon only
■ Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
• Excess insulin secretion caused by obesity alone
Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
13. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia Which statement is most accurate?
• Decreased capillary permeability
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
• Increased red-cell production
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
,14. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially Which statement is most accurate?
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
■ Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
15. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis Which statement is most accurate?
• It permanently increases carbon dioxide production
■ Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
• It causes direct loss of bicarbonate from the intestine
• It always causes lactic acidosis
Answer: Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
16. Which pathophysiologic process is most characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus Which statement is most accurate?
• Permanent overproduction of glucagon only
■ Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
• Excess insulin secretion caused by obesity alone
• Destruction of thyroid follicles
Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
17. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia?
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
• Increased red-cell production
• Decreased capillary permeability
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
18. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially?
■ Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
19. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis?
■ Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
• It causes direct loss of bicarbonate from the intestine
• It always causes lactic acidosis
• It permanently increases carbon dioxide production
Answer: Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
20. Which pathophysiologic process is most characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
■ Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
• Excess insulin secretion caused by obesity alone
• Destruction of thyroid follicles
, • Permanent overproduction of glucagon only
Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
21. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia What is the best next action?
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
• Increased red-cell production
• Decreased capillary permeability
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
22. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially What is the best next action?
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
■ Respiratory acidosis
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
23. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis What is the best next action?
• It causes direct loss of bicarbonate from the intestine
• It always causes lactic acidosis
• It permanently increases carbon dioxide production
■ Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
Answer: Loss of gastric hydrogen ions contributes to alkalosis
24. Which pathophysiologic process is most characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus What is the best next action?
• Excess insulin secretion caused by obesity alone
• Destruction of thyroid follicles
• Permanent overproduction of glucagon only
■ Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
Answer: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to severe insulin deficiency
25. Which mechanism best explains edema caused by severe hypoalbuminemia Which choice is most appropriate?
• Increased red-cell production
• Decreased capillary permeability
• Increased plasma oncotic pressure
■ Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
Answer: Reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure causing fluid movement into interstitial tissue
26. A patient with chronic respiratory disease develops elevated arterial carbon dioxide. Which acid-base change is expected
initially Which choice is most appropriate?
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Metabolic acidosis caused directly by bicarbonate loss
■ Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: Respiratory acidosis
27. Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic alkalosis Which choice is most appropriate?
• It always causes lactic acidosis
