Grammar semester 2
Inhoud
1 The infinitive / the possessive form.......................................................................................................................3
1.1 the -ing form....................................................................................................................................................3
-ing form after a number of verbs (p.120)........................................................................................................3
-ing form as (part of the) subject......................................................................................................................3
-ing form after a preposition.............................................................................................................................3
-ing form after ‘busy’, ‘worth’, ‘it is no use’, ‘it is no good’..............................................................................3
-ing form with its own subject...........................................................................................................................3
-ing clauses........................................................................................................................................................4
Expressions with -ing form................................................................................................................................4
Other cases........................................................................................................................................................4
The -ing form pII................................................................................................................................................4
1.2 The bare infinitive............................................................................................................................................5
See/hear/feel/watch/notice + bare infintive or -ing form................................................................................5
See/hear/feel + that-clause...............................................................................................................................5
Have (laten + bare infinitve or past participle...................................................................................................5
Make + bare infinitve........................................................................................................................................6
dare/need + bare infintive/to-infintive.............................................................................................................6
Help + bare infinitive / to infinitive...................................................................................................................6
Had better/would rather/had rather/ could not but + bare infinitive..............................................................6
Bare infinitve or to-infintive after a form of ‘be’..............................................................................................6
1.3 The to- infinitive..............................................................................................................................................7
Direct object + To-infinitive...............................................................................................................................7
Direct object + passive to-infinitive...................................................................................................................7
To-infinitive to express purpose........................................................................................................................7
Passive to-infinitive...........................................................................................................................................7
Both active and passive to-infinitive possible...................................................................................................7
1.4 use of ‘s, s’ & ‘of’.............................................................................................................................................7
Proper nouns.....................................................................................................................................................7
Persons and animals..........................................................................................................................................8
things.................................................................................................................................................................8
collective nouns.................................................................................................................................................8
Places.................................................................................................................................................................8
Means of transport............................................................................................................................................8
Nouns referring to time.....................................................................................................................................8
Double possessive.............................................................................................................................................8
1
,Grammar semester 2
Possessive without following noun...................................................................................................................8
hOUSES, SHOPS, FILMS ETC...............................................................................................................................9
CLASSIFYING POSSESSIVE..................................................................................................................................9
2 Adjectives & adverbs / relative pronoun / the article............................................................................................9
2.1 COmparison adjective & adverb.....................................................................................................................9
The adjective.....................................................................................................................................................9
the adverb.......................................................................................................................................................11
2.2 Restrictive & non-restrictive.........................................................................................................................12
2.3 use of a, an & the..........................................................................................................................................12
Indefinite article before a profession, function, religion................................................................................12
INDEFINITE ARTICLE AFTER ‘AS’......................................................................................................................12
Indeifinite article after ‘with’, and ‘without’ and ‘such’.................................................................................12
indefinite article before ‘hundred,’ ‘thousand,’ ‘million’................................................................................12
nouns in a general meaning............................................................................................................................13
Buildings..........................................................................................................................................................13
Meals...............................................................................................................................................................13
Seasons............................................................................................................................................................13
Last..................................................................................................................................................................13
Most/half.........................................................................................................................................................13
3 Verbs: kunnen / mogen / moeten / laten / prepositions.....................................................................................14
3.1 Translations verbs.........................................................................................................................................14
Laten................................................................................................................................................................14
Moeten............................................................................................................................................................14
Kunnen............................................................................................................................................................15
Mogen.............................................................................................................................................................16
3.2 prepositions...................................................................................................................................................17
4 Sentence analysis.................................................................................................................................................17
4.1 sentence analysis...........................................................................................................................................17
Subject.............................................................................................................................................................17
Predicate.........................................................................................................................................................17
Predicator........................................................................................................................................................17
Subject complement.......................................................................................................................................18
Direct object....................................................................................................................................................19
Object complement.........................................................................................................................................19
Indirect object.................................................................................................................................................19
Adverbial.........................................................................................................................................................19
2
, Grammar semester 2
1 THE INFINITIVE / THE POSSESSIVE FORM
1.1 THE -ING FORM
-ING FORM AFTER A NUMBER OF VERBS (P.120)
Avoid
I always avoid (verb) [speaking to him at parties] = object
Het sparen is moeilijk
Saving is difficult
Dislike
I dislike watching football.
-ING FORM AS (PART OF THE) SUBJECT
Adverteren is duur. Advertising is expensive.
Het vinden van een huis was niet makkelijk. Finding a house was not easy.
The -ing form is used when the verb is the subject (1) or part if the subject (2), or in other words,
when the sentence begins with the verb. In Dutch, the verb can be preceded by ‘het’. An example of
this structure is found here:
‘’Investing in promising business in developing countries does more than aid.’’
-ING FORM AFTER A PREPOSITION
He left without paying. I look forward to meeting you.
Thank you for calling. She was not used to driving in a big city.
The -ing form must be used after a preposition such as of, to, on, by, in by, in, before, without.
-ING FORM AFTER ‘BUSY’, ‘WORTH’, ‘IT IS NO USE’, ‘IT IS NO GOOD’
Ze waren druk bezig met inpakken. They were busy packing.
Het is de moeite waard te proberen. It is worth trying.
Het heeft geen zin te klagen. It is no use/good complaining.
-ING FORM WITH ITS OWN SUBJECT
Hij keurde het niet goed He did not approve of his wife
dat zijn vrouw/Mary alleen uitging. / Mary going out alone.
Hij had geboekt zonder dat ik He had booked without me/my knowing.
het wist.
Ik vind het niet leuk dat je alleen I don’t like you/your going out alone.
uitgaat.
Ik sta erop dat hij aanwezig is. I insist on him/his being present.
3
Inhoud
1 The infinitive / the possessive form.......................................................................................................................3
1.1 the -ing form....................................................................................................................................................3
-ing form after a number of verbs (p.120)........................................................................................................3
-ing form as (part of the) subject......................................................................................................................3
-ing form after a preposition.............................................................................................................................3
-ing form after ‘busy’, ‘worth’, ‘it is no use’, ‘it is no good’..............................................................................3
-ing form with its own subject...........................................................................................................................3
-ing clauses........................................................................................................................................................4
Expressions with -ing form................................................................................................................................4
Other cases........................................................................................................................................................4
The -ing form pII................................................................................................................................................4
1.2 The bare infinitive............................................................................................................................................5
See/hear/feel/watch/notice + bare infintive or -ing form................................................................................5
See/hear/feel + that-clause...............................................................................................................................5
Have (laten + bare infinitve or past participle...................................................................................................5
Make + bare infinitve........................................................................................................................................6
dare/need + bare infintive/to-infintive.............................................................................................................6
Help + bare infinitive / to infinitive...................................................................................................................6
Had better/would rather/had rather/ could not but + bare infinitive..............................................................6
Bare infinitve or to-infintive after a form of ‘be’..............................................................................................6
1.3 The to- infinitive..............................................................................................................................................7
Direct object + To-infinitive...............................................................................................................................7
Direct object + passive to-infinitive...................................................................................................................7
To-infinitive to express purpose........................................................................................................................7
Passive to-infinitive...........................................................................................................................................7
Both active and passive to-infinitive possible...................................................................................................7
1.4 use of ‘s, s’ & ‘of’.............................................................................................................................................7
Proper nouns.....................................................................................................................................................7
Persons and animals..........................................................................................................................................8
things.................................................................................................................................................................8
collective nouns.................................................................................................................................................8
Places.................................................................................................................................................................8
Means of transport............................................................................................................................................8
Nouns referring to time.....................................................................................................................................8
Double possessive.............................................................................................................................................8
1
,Grammar semester 2
Possessive without following noun...................................................................................................................8
hOUSES, SHOPS, FILMS ETC...............................................................................................................................9
CLASSIFYING POSSESSIVE..................................................................................................................................9
2 Adjectives & adverbs / relative pronoun / the article............................................................................................9
2.1 COmparison adjective & adverb.....................................................................................................................9
The adjective.....................................................................................................................................................9
the adverb.......................................................................................................................................................11
2.2 Restrictive & non-restrictive.........................................................................................................................12
2.3 use of a, an & the..........................................................................................................................................12
Indefinite article before a profession, function, religion................................................................................12
INDEFINITE ARTICLE AFTER ‘AS’......................................................................................................................12
Indeifinite article after ‘with’, and ‘without’ and ‘such’.................................................................................12
indefinite article before ‘hundred,’ ‘thousand,’ ‘million’................................................................................12
nouns in a general meaning............................................................................................................................13
Buildings..........................................................................................................................................................13
Meals...............................................................................................................................................................13
Seasons............................................................................................................................................................13
Last..................................................................................................................................................................13
Most/half.........................................................................................................................................................13
3 Verbs: kunnen / mogen / moeten / laten / prepositions.....................................................................................14
3.1 Translations verbs.........................................................................................................................................14
Laten................................................................................................................................................................14
Moeten............................................................................................................................................................14
Kunnen............................................................................................................................................................15
Mogen.............................................................................................................................................................16
3.2 prepositions...................................................................................................................................................17
4 Sentence analysis.................................................................................................................................................17
4.1 sentence analysis...........................................................................................................................................17
Subject.............................................................................................................................................................17
Predicate.........................................................................................................................................................17
Predicator........................................................................................................................................................17
Subject complement.......................................................................................................................................18
Direct object....................................................................................................................................................19
Object complement.........................................................................................................................................19
Indirect object.................................................................................................................................................19
Adverbial.........................................................................................................................................................19
2
, Grammar semester 2
1 THE INFINITIVE / THE POSSESSIVE FORM
1.1 THE -ING FORM
-ING FORM AFTER A NUMBER OF VERBS (P.120)
Avoid
I always avoid (verb) [speaking to him at parties] = object
Het sparen is moeilijk
Saving is difficult
Dislike
I dislike watching football.
-ING FORM AS (PART OF THE) SUBJECT
Adverteren is duur. Advertising is expensive.
Het vinden van een huis was niet makkelijk. Finding a house was not easy.
The -ing form is used when the verb is the subject (1) or part if the subject (2), or in other words,
when the sentence begins with the verb. In Dutch, the verb can be preceded by ‘het’. An example of
this structure is found here:
‘’Investing in promising business in developing countries does more than aid.’’
-ING FORM AFTER A PREPOSITION
He left without paying. I look forward to meeting you.
Thank you for calling. She was not used to driving in a big city.
The -ing form must be used after a preposition such as of, to, on, by, in by, in, before, without.
-ING FORM AFTER ‘BUSY’, ‘WORTH’, ‘IT IS NO USE’, ‘IT IS NO GOOD’
Ze waren druk bezig met inpakken. They were busy packing.
Het is de moeite waard te proberen. It is worth trying.
Het heeft geen zin te klagen. It is no use/good complaining.
-ING FORM WITH ITS OWN SUBJECT
Hij keurde het niet goed He did not approve of his wife
dat zijn vrouw/Mary alleen uitging. / Mary going out alone.
Hij had geboekt zonder dat ik He had booked without me/my knowing.
het wist.
Ik vind het niet leuk dat je alleen I don’t like you/your going out alone.
uitgaat.
Ik sta erop dat hij aanwezig is. I insist on him/his being present.
3
