STUDY GUIDE • 120 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PORTAGE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MODULES 1–10 • 2026–2027 EDITION
COMPLETE REVIEW WITH QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & RATIONALES
✓ Modules 1–10 Coverage
✓ 120 Original Practice Questions
✓ A–D Multiple-Choice Format
✓ Correct Answers in Red
✓ Rationales in Green
✓ A4 Print-Friendly Study Guide
Document Description:
An original practice review covering the ten module areas listed in the Portage NURS 231 Pathophysiology syllabus: cell
biology, neoplasia, immunity, cardiovascular/hematopoietic disorders, pulmonary disorders, neural disorders,
gastrointestinal disorders, renal/fluid-electrolyte dysfunction, endocrine disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders.
Practice material only — not actual Portage exam questions, not “verified answers,” and no
passing result can be guaranteed.
, PORTAGE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • MODULE 1 • 2026–2027
MODULE 1 — PART 1
Module 1 — Overview of Pathophysiology and Cell Biology
1. Which term describes the study of functional changes that occur because of disease?
A. Pathophysiology
B. Anatomy
C. Histology
D. Genetics
Correct Answer: A. Pathophysiology
Rationale:
Pathophysiology examines functional changes associated with disease and altered physiologic processes.
2. Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for ATP production?
A. Lysosome
B. Mitochondrion
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: B. Mitochondrion
Rationale:
Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
3. What process moves water across a selectively permeable membrane toward a region of higher solute
concentration?
A. Osmosis
B. Filtration
C. Phagocytosis
D. Active transport
Correct Answer: A. Osmosis
Rationale:
Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to a solute gradient.
4. Which process requires cellular energy to move substances against a concentration gradient?
A. Simple diffusion
B. Active transport
C. Osmosis
D. Facilitated diffusion
Correct Answer: B. Active transport
Rationale:
Active transport uses energy, commonly ATP, to move substances against their electrochemical gradient.
,5. Which cellular response involves an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B. Hypertrophy
Rationale:
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, whereas hyperplasia is an increase in cell number.
6. Which statement would the nurse identify as correct? which term describes the study of functional changes
that occur because of disease?
A. Pathophysiology
B. Anatomy
C. Histology
D. Genetics
Correct Answer: A. Pathophysiology
Rationale:
Pathophysiology examines functional changes associated with disease and altered physiologic processes. This
relationship is a core concept for understanding disease-related functional changes.
, PORTAGE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • MODULE 1 • 2026–2027
MODULE 1 — PART 2
Module 1 — Overview of Pathophysiology and Cell Biology
7. Which choice represents the most accurate description? which cellular structure is primarily responsible for
ATP production?
A. Lysosome
B. Mitochondrion
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: B. Mitochondrion
Rationale:
Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. This relationship is a core concept for
understanding disease-related functional changes.
8. When reviewing this disorder, which statement is correct? what process moves water across a selectively
permeable membrane toward a region of higher solute concentration?
A. Osmosis
B. Filtration
C. Phagocytosis
D. Active transport
Correct Answer: A. Osmosis
Rationale:
Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to a solute gradient.
This relationship is a core concept for understanding disease-related functional changes.
9. Which finding is most closely associated with this concept? which process requires cellular energy to move
substances against a concentration gradient?
A. Simple diffusion
B. Active transport
C. Osmosis
D. Facilitated diffusion
Correct Answer: B. Active transport
Rationale:
Active transport uses energy, commonly ATP, to move substances against their electrochemical gradient. This
relationship is a core concept for understanding disease-related functional changes.
PORTAGE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MODULES 1–10 • 2026–2027 EDITION
COMPLETE REVIEW WITH QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & RATIONALES
✓ Modules 1–10 Coverage
✓ 120 Original Practice Questions
✓ A–D Multiple-Choice Format
✓ Correct Answers in Red
✓ Rationales in Green
✓ A4 Print-Friendly Study Guide
Document Description:
An original practice review covering the ten module areas listed in the Portage NURS 231 Pathophysiology syllabus: cell
biology, neoplasia, immunity, cardiovascular/hematopoietic disorders, pulmonary disorders, neural disorders,
gastrointestinal disorders, renal/fluid-electrolyte dysfunction, endocrine disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders.
Practice material only — not actual Portage exam questions, not “verified answers,” and no
passing result can be guaranteed.
, PORTAGE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • MODULE 1 • 2026–2027
MODULE 1 — PART 1
Module 1 — Overview of Pathophysiology and Cell Biology
1. Which term describes the study of functional changes that occur because of disease?
A. Pathophysiology
B. Anatomy
C. Histology
D. Genetics
Correct Answer: A. Pathophysiology
Rationale:
Pathophysiology examines functional changes associated with disease and altered physiologic processes.
2. Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for ATP production?
A. Lysosome
B. Mitochondrion
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: B. Mitochondrion
Rationale:
Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
3. What process moves water across a selectively permeable membrane toward a region of higher solute
concentration?
A. Osmosis
B. Filtration
C. Phagocytosis
D. Active transport
Correct Answer: A. Osmosis
Rationale:
Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to a solute gradient.
4. Which process requires cellular energy to move substances against a concentration gradient?
A. Simple diffusion
B. Active transport
C. Osmosis
D. Facilitated diffusion
Correct Answer: B. Active transport
Rationale:
Active transport uses energy, commonly ATP, to move substances against their electrochemical gradient.
,5. Which cellular response involves an increase in cell size?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B. Hypertrophy
Rationale:
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, whereas hyperplasia is an increase in cell number.
6. Which statement would the nurse identify as correct? which term describes the study of functional changes
that occur because of disease?
A. Pathophysiology
B. Anatomy
C. Histology
D. Genetics
Correct Answer: A. Pathophysiology
Rationale:
Pathophysiology examines functional changes associated with disease and altered physiologic processes. This
relationship is a core concept for understanding disease-related functional changes.
, PORTAGE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • MODULE 1 • 2026–2027
MODULE 1 — PART 2
Module 1 — Overview of Pathophysiology and Cell Biology
7. Which choice represents the most accurate description? which cellular structure is primarily responsible for
ATP production?
A. Lysosome
B. Mitochondrion
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: B. Mitochondrion
Rationale:
Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. This relationship is a core concept for
understanding disease-related functional changes.
8. When reviewing this disorder, which statement is correct? what process moves water across a selectively
permeable membrane toward a region of higher solute concentration?
A. Osmosis
B. Filtration
C. Phagocytosis
D. Active transport
Correct Answer: A. Osmosis
Rationale:
Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to a solute gradient.
This relationship is a core concept for understanding disease-related functional changes.
9. Which finding is most closely associated with this concept? which process requires cellular energy to move
substances against a concentration gradient?
A. Simple diffusion
B. Active transport
C. Osmosis
D. Facilitated diffusion
Correct Answer: B. Active transport
Rationale:
Active transport uses energy, commonly ATP, to move substances against their electrochemical gradient. This
relationship is a core concept for understanding disease-related functional changes.
